Pertempuran Yunani
Pertempuran Greece | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sebahagian daripada Kempen Balkan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua | |||||||
Peta menunjukkan pergerakan dan serangan Jerman Nazi ke atas Yunani | |||||||
| |||||||
Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
Kuasa Paksi: Jerman Nazi Itali Bulgaria |
Kuasa Bersekutu: Kerajaan Yunani United Kingdom Australia New Zealand | ||||||
Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
Wilhelm List Maximilian von Weichs Ugo Cavallero |
Alexander Papagos Henry Maitland Wilson Thomas Blamey Bernard Freyberg | ||||||
Kekuatan | |||||||
Jerman:[1][2] 680,000 askar 1,200 kereta kebal 700 pesawat 1Itali:[3] 565,000 askar 463 pesawat[4] 163 kereta kebal Jumlah: 1,245,000 askar |
1Greece:[5][6] 430,000 askar, 20 kereta kebal Empayar British:[7][8][9][10][11] 262,612 askar 100 kereta kebal 200–300 pesawat | ||||||
Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
1Itali:[11] 13,755 maut, 63,142 cedera, 25,067 hilang 3Jerman:[12] 1,099 maut, 3,752 cedera, 385 hilang |
1Yunani:[11] 42,485 cedera,[14] 1,290 hilang Empayar British:[7] 903 maut, 1,250 cedera, 13,958 ditawan |
Pertempuran Yunani (juga dikenali sebagai Operasi Marita, Jerman: Unternehmen Marita[15] adalah nama umum bagi pencerobohan Paksi ke atas Yunani Bersekutu oleh Jerman Nazi pada April 1941. Ia adalah seiring dengan pencerobohan Fasis Itali yang tersekat yang dikenali sebagai Perang Yunani-Itali. Ia biasanya dibezakan daripada Pertempuran Crete, yang muncul selepas tanah besar Yunani ditakluki. Operasi Paksi ini adalah sebahagian daripada Kempen Balkan Jerman yang lebih besar dalam Perang Dunia Kedua.
)Sewaktu pencerobohan Jerman Nazi, Yunani sedang berperang dengan Itali Fasis, berikutan pencerobohan Itali pada 28 Oktober 1940. Pihak Yunani menyertai Kuasa Bersekutu dan mengalahkan serangan awal Itali dan serangan balas Mac 1941. Apabila Operasi Marita bermula pada 6 April, sebahagian besar tentera darat Yunani berada di sempadan Yunani dengan Albania, ketika itu adalah negara naungan Itali Fasis, dari mana tentera Itali cuba memasuki Yunani. Tentera Jerman menceroboh melalui Bulgaria, mewujudkan barisan depan yang kedua. Yunani telahpun menerima bala bantuan yang kecil dari tentera Empayar British, bagi menghadapi serangan Jerman tetapi tiada lagi bantuan dihantar selepas pencerobohan bermula. Tentera Yunani mendapati dirinya kekurangan dalam usaha menentang tentera Itali dan Jerman. Oleh itu, garisan pertahanan Bulgaria tidak menerima tentera bantuan yang mencukupi dan dengan cepat ditawan oleh pihak Jerman, yang kemudiannya mengatasi tentera Yunani di sempadan Albania, memaksa mereka menyerahkalah. Tentera Empayar British telah dikalahkan dan terpaksa berundur dengan matlamat pemindahan. Selama beberapa hari pasukan tentera Bersekutu memainkan peranan penting dalam membendung kemaraan Jerman keatas posisi Thermopylae, membolehkan kapal-kapal bersiap untuk memindahkan unit-unit yang mempertahankan Yunani.[16] Tentera Jerman tiba di ibukota Athens pada 27 Aprila[›] dan selatan pantai Yunani pada 30 April, menawan 7,000 askar Empayar British dan mengakhiri peperangan dengan kemenangan muktamad. Penaklukan Yunani lengkap dengan penawanan Crete sebulan kemudian. Menyusuli kejatuhannya, Yunani Bersekutu telah diduduki oleh angkatan tentera Paksi Jerman, Itali dan Bulgaria.[17]
Hitler kemudian menyalahkan kegagalan pencerobohan Soviet Union, yang terpaksa ditangguhkan, atas kegagalan Mussolini menakluk Yunani.[18] Penjelasan ini untuk kekalahan Jerman yang membawa malang oleh Soviet Union telah disangkal oleh majoriti sejarawan, yang menuduh Hitler cuba menyalahkan kekalahan negaranya kepada sekutu beliau, Itali.[19] Namun ia mempunyai akibat yang serius bagi usaha perang Paksi di kancah Afrika Utara. Von Rintelen menekankan, dari sudut pandangan Jerman, kesilapan strategik kerana tidak menakluk Malta.[20]
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]^ a: Banyak sumber tidak sehaluan mengenai bilangan askar Empayar British yang berjaya dibawa keluar. Menurut sumber-sumber British , sebanyak 50,732 orang askar dibawa keluar.[21][22] But of these, according to G.A. Titterton, 600 men were lost in the troopship (the former Dutch liner) Slamat.[23][22] Adding 500–1,000 stragglers who reached Crete, Titterton estimates that "the numbers that left Greece and reached Crete or Mesir, including British and Greek troops, must have been around 51,000." Gavin Long (sebahagian sejarah rasmi penglibatan Australiadalam Perang Dunia Kedua) menanggarkan sebanyak 46,500 orang askar manakala W. G. McClymont (sebahagian sejarah rasmi penglibatan New Zealand dalam Perang Dunia tersebut) pula mengira sebanyak 50,172 orang askar yang dibawa keluar.[24][10] McClymont points out that "perbezaan kiraan tersebut difahami apabila keadaan perlepasan tersebut berlaku pada waktu malam dan dalam keadaan tergesa-gesa serta turut melibatkan pelarian dan warga Yunani."[10]
^ b: Hitler bersetuju dalam dua situasi sebelumnya bahawa laut-laut Mediterranean and Adriatik menjadi bidang minat khusus Itali. Memandangkan Yugoslavia dan Yunani terletak dalam kawasan bidang minat ini, Mussolini merasakan beliau layak untuk memakai sebarang dasar yang dianggap sesuai baginya.[25]
^ c: Menurut Pusat Sejarah Ketenteraan Tentera Amerika Syarikat, "rintangan hampir secara langsung yang dihadapi pihak Itali hanya menaikkan rasa tidak senang Hitler. Perkara yang lebih menaikan kemarahan si Führer merupakan kenyataan berulangnya mengenai perlunya keamananan yang berterusan di kawasan Balkan tidak dipedulikan Mussolini."[25]
Meskipun begitu, Hitler membenarkan Mussolini menyerang Yunani enam bulang sebelumnya kerana mengiktiraf hak Mussolini yang dirasakan sesuai dalam bidang minatnya.[26]
^ d: Menurut Buckley, Mussolini mahukan pihak Yunani tidak menerima ultimatumnya namun mereka akan mewujudkan suatu rintangan. Buckley menulis bahawa, "dokumen-dokumen yang dijumpai kemudiannya menunjukkan setiap butiran serangan tersebut telah disediakan... Martabat beliau mahukan kemenangan pasti yang akan menyeimbangkan pencapaian Jerman Nazi yang seakan kekalahan Napoleon."[27]
^ e: Menurut Pusat Sejarah Ketenteraan Tentera Amerika Syarikat, pihak Yunani memaklumkan kepada pihak Yugoslavia mengenai keputusan ini, seterusnya hal ini menjadi diketahui oleh Pemerintah Jerman.[28] Papagos writes:
- This, incidentally, disposes of the German assertion that they were forced to attack us only in order to expel the British from Greece, for they knew that, if they had not marched into Bulgaria, no British troops would have landed in Greece. Their assertion was merely an excuse on their part to enable them to plead extenuating circumstances in justification of their aggression against a small nation, already entangled in a war against a Great Power. But, irrespective of the presence or absence of British troops in the Balkans, German intervention would have taken place firstly because the Germans had to secure the right flank of the German Army which was to operate against Russia according to the plans already prepared in autumn 1940 and secondly because the possession of the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula commanding the eastern end of the Mediterranean was of great strategic importance for Germany's plan of attacking Great Britain and the line of Imperial communications with the East.[29]
- This, incidentally, disposes of the German assertion that they were forced to attack us only in order to expel the British from Greece, for they knew that, if they had not marched into Bulgaria, no British troops would have landed in Greece. Their assertion was merely an excuse on their part to enable them to plead extenuating circumstances in justification of their aggression against a small nation, already entangled in a war against a Great Power. But, irrespective of the presence or absence of British troops in the Balkans, German intervention would have taken place firstly because the Germans had to secure the right flank of the German Army which was to operate against Russia according to the plans already prepared in autumn 1940 and secondly because the possession of the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula commanding the eastern end of the Mediterranean was of great strategic importance for Germany's plan of attacking Great Britain and the line of Imperial communications with the East.[29]
^ f: Pada malam 6 April 1941 ketika penaklukan Jerman sedang berlagsung di Yugoslavia, para penduduk kawasan tersebut memaklumkan kepada pihak Yunani mengenai pelaksanaan rancangan mereka iaitu: menyerang tentera Itali pada pagi keesokkan harinya jam 6:00. Pada pukul 3:00 pagi 7 haribulan April, divisyen ke-13 Tentera Epirus Yunani menyerang tentera Itali, menduduki dua tempat tinggi serta mengepung 565 orang Itali (15 orang pegawai dan 550 orang askar). Walau bagaimanapun, serangan pihak Yugoslav tidak berlaku juga maka markas Yunani mengarahkan penghentian sementara operasi itu pada 8 April.[30][31]
^ g: Meskipun Briged Raifal Carpathia Bebas Poland (Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade) dan Divisyen ke-7 Australia diuntukkan untuk misi ke Yunani, anggota-anggota ini dijaga Wavell di Mesir kerana kemaraan Erwin Rommel ke Cyrenaica yang berjaya.[32]
Petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Collier 1971, m/s. 180.
- ^ Helios 1945, Greek Wars.
- ^ Richter 1998, m/s. 119, 144.
- ^ History, Hellenic Air Force, dicapai pada 25 Mac 2008.
- ^ "Campaign in Greece". The Encyclopedia Americana.
- ^ Ziemke.
- ^ a b Beevor 1994, m/s. 26.
- ^ Long 1953, m/s. 182–83.
- ^ "7", History (PDF), AU: AWM, diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2008-02-28, dicapai pada 2016-01-06.
- ^ a b c McClymont 1959, m/s. 486.
- ^ a b c Richter 1998, m/s. 595–97.
- ^ Bathe & Glodschey 1942, m/s. 246.
- ^ Zabecki, David (2014), Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History (4 volumes), ABC-CLIO, m/s. 563, ISBN 978-1-598849806,
The Greek Army sustained 13,408 killed, 42,485 wounded, and 270,000 prisoners.
- ^ Zabecki, David (2014), Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History (4 volumes), ABC-CLIO, m/s. 563, ISBN 978-1-598849806,
The Greek Army sustained 13,408 killed, 42, 485 wounded, and 270,000 prisoners.
- ^ Smith 1986.
- ^ Johnston, Mark; Chagas, Carlos (2013), The Australian Army in World War II, Osprey Publishing, m/s. 18, ISBN 978-1846031236,
For several days Australian troops played a prominent part in a holding action on the Thermopylae Line in southern Greece, allowing ships to be assembled to evacuate thousands to Egypt and Crete on 24–27 April 1941.
- ^ Dear & Foot 1995, m/s. 102–6.
- ^ Kershaw 2007, m/s. 178.
- ^ Hillgruber 1993, m/s. 506.
- ^ von Rintelen 1951, m/s. 90, 92–3, 98–9.
- ^ Murray & Millett 2000, m/s. 105.
- ^ a b Titterton 2002, m/s. 84.
- ^ Duncan.
- ^ Long 1953, m/s. 182–83.
- ^ a b Blau 1986, m/s. 3–4.
- ^ Sadkovich 1993, m/s. 439–464.
- ^ Buckley 1984, m/s. 17.
- ^ Blau 1986, m/s. 72.
- ^ Papagos 1949, m/s. 317.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaH
- ^ Long 1953, m/s. 41.
- ^ Beevor 1994, m/s. 60.
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- Pelt, Mogens (1998). Tobacco, Arms and Politics: Greece and Germany from World Crisis to World War, 1929–1941. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-7289-450-4.
- Powell, Dilys (1941). Remember Greece. London: Hodder & Stoughton. OCLC 4550659.
- Wards, Ian McLean (1952). "Panzer Attack in Greece". Dalam Kippenberger, H. K. (penyunting). Episodes & Studies. New Zealand in the Second World War. II. Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. OCLC 173284173.
- Ensiklopedia
- "Campaign in Greece". The Encyclopedia Americana. Danbury: Grolier. 2000. ISBN 0-7172-0133-3.
- Jurnal
- Creveld, Martin van (July 1974). "Prelude to Disaster: The British Decision to Aid Greece, 1940–41". Journal of Contemporary History. Sage. IX (3): 65–92. doi:10.1177/002200947400900303. ISSN 0022-0094. Dicapai pada 26 May 2015.
- Kitsikis, Dimitri (July–September 1967). "La Grèce entre l'Angleterre et l'Allemagne, de 1936 à 1941". Revue historique (dalam bahasa French). Paris. 238 (91e année). Unknown parameter
|trans_title=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Sadkovich, James J. (October 1994). "Anglo-American bias and the Italo-Greek War of 1940–1941". The Journal of Military History. 58 (4): 617–642. doi:10.2307/2944271.
- Sadkovich, James J. (May 1994). "Italian Morale during the Italo-Greek War of 1940–1941". War and Society. 12 (1): 97–123. doi:10.1179/072924794794954323.
- Newspapers
- Nicholson, Jim (2006-11-24). "Celebration of Greek Armed Forces in Washington – Remarks by Secretary for Veteran Affairs". Press Office of the Embassy of Greece. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-09-27. Dicapai pada 2007-05-24.
- Websites
- Pilavios, Konstantinos (director); Tomai, Fotini (text & presentation) (2010-10-28). "The Heroes Fight like Greeks—Greece during the Second World War" (Motion Picture) (dalam bahasa Greek). Athens: Service of Diplomatic and Historical Archives of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 31 October 2010. Dicapai pada 2010-10-28. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=
ignored (bantuan) - Roosevelt, Franklin D. (5 December 1940). "President Roosevelt to King George of Greece". Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 August 2007. Dicapai pada 2007-08-01. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=
ignored (bantuan) - "A Great Risk in a Good Cause, Australians in Greece and Crete April – May 1941". Department of Veterans' Affairs. May 2001. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 20 May 2009. Dicapai pada 2009-05-05. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=
ignored (bantuan) - "Judgement: The Aggression Against Yugoslavia and Greece". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 13 October 2007. Dicapai pada 2007-09-12. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=
ignored (bantuan) - "To Greece". Australian War Memorial. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 6 June 2007. Dicapai pada 2007-07-04. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=
ignored (bantuan)
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