Kempen Tunisia
| Kempen Tunisia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sebahagian daripada Kempen Afrika Utara dalam Perang Dunia Kedua | |||||||||
 Tawanan perang Jerman dan Itali selepas kejatuhan Tunis, 12 Mei 1943. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||||
 Amerika Syarikat.svg){kind=small} Perancis Bebas New Zealand Greece |
 Jerman Nazi.svg){kind=small} Itali | ||||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||||
 Harold Alexander Kenneth Anderson Bernard Montgomery Dwight D. Eisenhower Lloyd Fredendall George S. Patton Charles de Gaulle Philippe Leclerc Alphonse Juin |
Albert Kesselring Erwin Rommel H.J. von Arnim  Giovanni Messe | ||||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||||
|
Mac: 500,000 askar 1,800+ kereta kebal 1,200+ meriam medan Ribuan pesawat[1] |
Mac: 350,000 askar[nb 1] 200+ kereta kebal[nb 2] 1,000+ meriam medan Ribuan pesawat[1] | ||||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||||
|
76,020 849 pesawat musnah 340+ kereta kebal musnah[nb 3] |
290,000–362,000 (238,000-300,000 ditawan) 450+ kereta kebal musnah[nb 4] 1,000+ meriam ditawan Ribuan trak ditawan[3] | ||||||||
Kempen Tunisia (juga dikenali sebagai Pertempuran Tunisia) merupakan siri pertempuran yang berlaku di Tunisia semasa Kempen Afrika Utara dalam Perang Dunia II, antara tentera Paksi dan Bersekutu. Pihak Bersekutu terdiri daripada Tentera Imperial British, termasuk kontinjen Greece, bersama kor Amerika dan kor Perancis. Pertempuran ini dimulakan dengan kejayaan awal oleh tentera Jerman dan Itali tetapi halangan besar pembekalan menyebabkan kekalahan muktamad pihak Paksi. Lebih 250,000 askar Jerman dan askar Itali telah menjadi tawanan perang, termasuk sebahagian besar Afrika Korps.
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nota kaki
- ^ 2/3 of the combat troops and 1/3 of the support troops were Germans[1]
- ^ Operational tanks only[1]
- ^ 183 lost in the Battle of Kasserine Pass, 6 lost in the Battle of Medenine, 40 lost in the Battle of El Guettar, 16 lost in Operation Oxhead (Operation Ochsenkopf), at least 51 lost in the Battle of the Mareth Line, 32 lost in the Battle of Wadi Akarit, 12 lost in Operation Vulcan and several more lost in minor battles.[1]
- ^ Mitcham lists the following tank losses with no upper limit and no noted losses to mechanical breakdowns. 34 (20 German, 14 Italian) lost in the Battle of Kasserine Pass, 55 (40 German, 15 Italian) lost in the Battle of Medenine, 45 (mostly German) lost in the Battle of El Guettar, 71 (all German) lost in Operation Oxhead (Operation Ochsenkopf) and 200+ operational tanks (mostly German) lost in actions after March 9. Mitcham also notes that a very large number of tanks were not operational at the time due to previous mechanical issues; for instance, by April 22, only 45% of German tanks were operational, with the rest confined to workshops. Therefore the actual number of tanks lost after March 9 is possibly around 450 rather than 200.[2]
Petikan
- ^ a b c d e Mitcham, p. 78
- ^ Mitcham, pp. 56 to 84.
- ^ Churchill, Winston. "The Hinges of Fate: The Second World War, Volume IV". Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950. Page 697, quoting a telegram from General Alexander on 12 May 1943: "It appears that we have taken over 1,000 guns, of which 180 are 88-mm, 250 tanks and many thousands of motor vehicles, most of which are operational".
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Abramides, John A. (2011). "Battle of Sidi Nsir a Personal Account". Royal Hampshire Regiment Journal. Winchester: The Regiment. OCLC 221485318. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2013-05-09.
- Anderson, Charles R. (1993). Tunisia 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. WWII Campaigns. CMH Pub 72-12. Fort McNair, Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 0-16-038106-1.
- Anderson, Lt.-General Kenneth (1946). "Official despatch by Kenneth Anderson, GOC-in-C First Army covering events in NW Africa, 8 November 1942 – 13 May 1943". London Gazette. London. ISSN 0374-3721. published in "No. 37779". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 November 1946. m/s. 5449–5464.
- Atkinson, Rick (2004) [2002]. An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943. Liberation Trilogy. I. London: Abacus. ISBN 0-349-11636-9.
- Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1979]. Young, Peter (penyunting). The History of World War II (ed. rev.). London: Orbis. ISBN 1-85605-552-3.
- Blaxland, Gregory (1977). The Plain Cook and the Great Showman: The First and Eighth Armies in North Africa. London: Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0185-4.
- Ceva, Lucio (1990). "The North African Campaign 1940–43: A Reconsideration". Dalam Gooch, John (penyunting). Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3369-0.
- Corvaja, Santi (2001). Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 1-92963-100-6.
- Delaforce, Patrick (2008) [1997]. Monty's Marauders: The 4th and 8th Armoured Brigades in the Second World War (ed. Pen and Sword Military, Barnsley). Brighton: Tom Donovan. ISBN 978-1-84415-630-6.
- Ford, Ken (1999). Battleaxe Division. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-1893-4.
- Glantz, David (1995). "10". When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-071-7-X.
- Heefner, Wilson A. (2010). Dogface Soldier: The Life of General Lucian K. Truscott, Jr. The American Military Experience. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-82621-882-7.
- Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981). British Intelligence in the Second World War, Its influence on Strategy and Operations. II. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630934-2.
- Hooton, E. R. (1999) [1997]. Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 1-86019-995-X.
- Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
- Mitcham, Samuel (2010). Blitzkrieg No Longer: The German Wehrmacht in Battle, 1943. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811742061.
- Murray, Williamson A. (1995). "The World at War, 1939–45". Dalam Parker, Geoffrey (penyunting). Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79431-5.
- Playfair, I. S. O.; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8.
- Roche, Jean P. (2006). "Question 19/05: French Surrender of Tunisia". Warship International. XLIII (2): 148–150. ISSN 0043-0374.
- To Bizerte with the II Corps 23 April to 13 May 1943. American Forces in Action Series. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 1990 [1943]. OCLC 835824109. CMH Pub 100-6. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-07-26. Dicapai pada 2021-09-01.
- Perrett, Bryan (2012). Last Stand: Famous Battles Against The Odds. Hachette. ISBN 9781780225265.
- Rolf, David (2001). The Bloody Road to Tunis: Destruction of the Axis Forces in North Africa, November 1942 – May 1943. Greenhill Books. ISBN 9781853674457.
- Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Stackpole Military History. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3381-6.
- Williamson, Gordon (2012). Afrikakorps 1941–43. Elite. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-78096-982-4.
- Windrow, Martin (1972). Luftwaffe Airborne and Field Units. Osprey. ISBN 9780850451146.
Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Kempen Tunisia |
- The Green Howards Regimental History, – Bill Cheall's Story
- The Irish Brigade: 38th (Irish) Brigade at Bou Arada and Medjez el-Bab, January–April 1943
- Kempen Tunisia di Internet Archive
