Senarai bahasa rasmi mengikut negara dan wilayah
Berikut ialah Senarai bahasa rasmi mengikut negara dan wilayah. Ia merangkumi semua bahasa yang mempunyai status bahasa rasmi sama ada seluruh negara atau di sebahagian negara terlibat, atau mempunyai status sebagai bahasa kebangsaan, bahasa daerah, atau bahasa minoriti.
Takrifan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bahasa rasmi
- Bahasa yang dijadikan sebagai mempunyai status undang-undang tersendiri dalam negara: kebiasaannya, bahasa yang digunakan dalam badan perundangan negara, dan selalunya, urusan pemerintahan rasmi.
- Bahasa daerah
- Bahasa yang dijadikan sebagai mempunyai status rasmi terhad kepada kawasan, bahagian pentadbiran, atau wilayah tertentu dalam negara. (Dalam laman ini, bahasa daerah mempunyai kurungan di sebelahnya yang mempunyai nama kawasan, daerah, dll di mana bahasa ini berstatus bahasa daerah.)
- Bahasa kebangsaan
- Bahasa yang secara tersendiri mewakili identiti kebangsaan bagi sesebuah negara, negeri, dan/atau bangsa dan dijadikan oleh pemerintah negara; sebahagiannya secara teknikal ialah bahasa minoriti. (Dalam laman ini, bahasa kebangsaan diikuti dengan kurungan yang mengenalpastikan ia sebagai bahasa kebangsaan.) Sesetengah negara mmpunyai lebih daripada satu bahasa berstatus ini.
Senarai
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Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c d e f g h Kemerdekaan dipertikai.
- ^ a b c d e f The third official language – in addition to Pashto dan Dari – in areas where the majority speaks them
- ^ a b Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally dan on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities dan in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights dan Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national dan ethnic minorities for education dan communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally dan on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency dan proceed before it in the language of the minority. In case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities dan in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
- ^ a b c Official language for intercultural relations
- ^ Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia designated Malay as the national language. Section 2 of that article allowed English to be used officially until otherwise provided by Parliament. In 1967, the Parliament of Malaysia passed the National Language Act, making Malay the official language of Malaysia. The act does, however, allow the use of English for some official purposes. On 11 July 1990, following the amendment of the National Language Act 1963/67 (Act 32) (Revised in 1971), Malay replaced English as the official language of the courts in West Malaysia. The amending Act provided English to be used in the Courts in West Malaysia where it deems necessary in the interest of Justice. East Malaysia continued using English as the official language in their courts.[64] Since 2007, the official policy is to refer to the national language as the Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia), although legislation still refers to the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu).
- ^ a b As per the 1987 Constitution which states "Spanish dan Arab shall be promoted on a voluntary dan optional basis".[73]
- ^ a b Not designated but meets legal definition
- ^ Refers to the Tjwao dialect
- ^ See Zimbabwean sign languages
Rujukan
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- ^ a b "Provincial Law Nº5598" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 29 February 2012. Dicapai pada 3 July 2010.
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- ^ Constitution of Armenia
- ^ "Perkara 8". Perlembagaan Austria. 1920. Perlembagaan Austria (1920) }}
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- ^ "Bolivia: Decreto Supremo Nº 25894, 11 de septiembre de 2000". 11 September 2000. Dicapai pada 21 January 2018.
- ^ Footitt, Hilary; Kelly, Michael (2012). Languages at War: Policies dan Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. m/s. 111–120. ISBN 978-0230368774.
- ^ According to the Brazilian Constitution, article 13: A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. "The Bahasa Portugis is the official language of the Federative Republic of Brazil".[1]
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- ^ Pomerano!?, Retrieved 21 August 2011
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- ^ "Pommern in Brasilien - LernCafe – Online-Journal zur allgemeinen Weiterbildung". 2019-03-31. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-03-31.
- ^ a b c d Artigo da UFRJ sobre a cooficialização de línguas no Brasil
- ^ Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana, Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana
- ^ "Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES". itarana.es.gov.br
- ^ Cooficialização da língua alemã em Antônio Carlos Diarkibkan 2 April 2012 di Wayback Machine
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- ^ Brasil: dialeto do baixo-alemão torna-se segunda língua oficial de cidade gaúcha
- ^ Apresentando... Santa Maria do Herval
- ^ "Dialetos Hunsrik e Talian na ofensiva no Sul - Em Santa Maria do Herval, regiăo de Novo Hamburgo, RS, surge forte a mobilizaçăo em favor do Hunsrik - a faceta brasileira/latino-americana do Hunsrückisch. Em Serafina Correa, RS, floresce o talian" (dalam bahasa Portugis). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 April 2012. Dicapai pada 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Aprovada em primeira votação projeto que torna o Talian segunda língua oficial de Bento Gonçalves". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 April 2019. Dicapai pada 7 April 2019.
- ^ "Co-oficialização do Talian é oficializada pela câmara de Bento Golçalves". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 April 2019. Dicapai pada 7 April 2019.
- ^ "Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 9 June 2016. Dicapai pada 11 June 2016.
- ^ Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul
- ^ "Talian pode ser língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 15 June 2016. Dicapai pada 7 April 2019.
- ^ Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha
- ^ "Flores da Cunha (RS) - Projeto pretende instituir o "Talian" como língua co oficial no Município". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 August 2016. Dicapai pada 7 April 2019.
- ^ Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015 - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul"
- ^ O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul, município de Nova Roma do Sul
- ^ Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município Diarkibkan 30 Mac 2019 di Wayback Machine, Retrieved 21 August 2011
- ^ Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira Diarkibkan 18 September 2011 di Wayback Machine, Retrieved 24 August 2011
- ^ Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua – FLÁVIA MARTIN e VITOR MORENO, enviados especiais a São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM) Diarkibkan 4 Jun 2012 di archive.today, Retrieved 24 August 2011
- ^ Município do MS adota o guarani como língua oficial Diarkibkan 2 April 2012 di Wayback Machine, Retrieved 24 August 2011
- ^ "Perkara 5" (PDF). Perlembagaan Burundi. 2005. Perlembagaan Burundi (2005) }}
- ^ Les approches bi-plurilingues d'enseignement-apprentissage: autour du programme Écoles et langues nationales en Afrique (ELAN-Afrique): Actes du colloque du 26-27 mars 2015. Archives contemporaines. October 2016. ISBN 9782813001955.
- ^ Indigenal Act, art. 28
- ^ Constitution of Colombia, 1991 (Article 10)
- ^ "Costa Rica 1949 (rev. 2011)". Constitute. Dicapai pada 28 April 2015.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive dan the Wayback Machine: Asamblea Legislativa Costa Rica. "APRUEBAN EL RECONOCIMIENTO DE LA LENGUA CRIOLLA LIMONENSE". Youtube. Dicapai pada 21 December 2020.
- ^ a b The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus (PDF). 1960. art. 3, § 1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 3 December 2013. Dicapai pada 11 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus", Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research, dicapai pada 11 August 2013
- ^ a b Constitution of Timor-Leste, section 13
- ^ Constitution of Ecuador 2008 Diarkibkan 17 Disember 2008 di Wayback Machine, (Article 2)
- ^ Constitution of France (Article 2)
- ^ Though not explicitly specified in the constitution, this is regulated in §23 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Administrative Procedures Act)
- ^ Publication by Ministry of the Interior (in German) Diarkibkan 3 April 2012 di Wayback Machine
- ^ Constitution of Hungary, Article H - http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF%20HUNGARY.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f Recognized by Hungary as minority language by the Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by the Hungarian Parliament - Resolution 35/1995, 7 April 1995 - http://www.complex.hu/kzldat/o95h0035.htm/o95h0035_0.htm Diarkibkan 17 November 2015 di Wayback Machine
- ^ "Deaf History - Europe - 2011: Iceland, Legal Recognition of Icelandic Sign Language". deafhistory.eu. Dicapai pada 2023-03-23.
- ^ "Regional Regulation of Yogyakarta Special Region Number 2 Year about Preservation dan Development of Javanese Language, Literature, dan Script".
- ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 4(1st)
- ^ Constitution of Ireland Diarkibkan 17 Julai 2009 di Portuguese Web Archive (Article 8)
- ^ Priedīte, Aija (2005). "Surveying Language Attitudes dan Practices in Latvia". Journal of Multilingual dan Multicultural Development. 26 (5): 409–424. doi:10.1080/01434630508668413. S2CID 145660793.
In 1992, following further amendments to this directive, Latvian was established as the only official language. It took Journal of Multilingual dan Multicultural Development seven more years before the State language law was adopted in 1999, with further amendments in the years 2000, 2001 dan 2002.
- ^ Jarinovska, Kristine. "Popular Initiatives as Means of Altering the Core of the Republic of Latvia", Juridica International. Vol. 20, 2013. p. 152 ISSN 1406-5509
- ^ Malaysia's Legal System, Eurasia International Legal Network, Malaysia.
- ^ Constitution of Monaco Diarkibkan 15 November 2009 di Wayback Machine (Article 8)
- ^ "Article 3 – Language". The Constitution of The Republic of Namibia. orusovo.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 28 March 2010. Dicapai pada 23 April 2008.
- ^ The Constitution of Nepal, article 7 (1)
- ^ The Constitution of Nepal, article 6
- ^ "Archived copy". www.info.gov.nf. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 25 July 2008. Dicapai pada 11 January 2022.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Article 1 (2) of the закон за употреба на јазиците (law on the use of languages), in force since 15 January 2019.
- ^ "Norsk - Språkmøter" Diarkibkan 9 Ogos 2020 di Wayback Machine. NDLA. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ Elias, Jun (19 September 2012). "Iloko La Union's official language". Philippine Star. Dicapai pada 24 September 2012.
- ^ "DO 46, s. 1987 – Amendment to DECS Order No. 33, s. 1987 (Spanish as Optional Subject) | Department of Education". Department of Education. Dicapai pada 25 August 2021.
- ^ "Hakka Basic Act". law.moj.gov.tw. Dicapai pada 22 May 2019.
- ^ "Indigenous Languages Development Act". law.moj.gov.tw. Dicapai pada 22 May 2019.
- ^ Second official according to the Constitution
- ^ "Draft constitution riles San people". NewsDay. AMH. 6 February 2013. Dicapai pada 19 February 2018.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Languages - CIA listing of languages spoken in each country