Serangan Amerika Syarikat ke atas Panama
| Serangan ke atas Panama | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Tentera dari Rejimen Renjer ke-75 bersedia bagi mengambil bahagian dalam La Comandancia di kejiranan El Chorrillo, Panama City, Disember 1989. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
 Panama (PDF) |
 Amerika Syarikat | ||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
|
Manuel Noriega |
Maxwell R. Thurman George H. W. Bush | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
| 16,000+ | 27,684+ | ||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
|
205 mati 1,236 ditawan |
23 mati 325 cedera | ||||||
|
200-4,000 orang awam Panama mati 1 orang awam Amerika mati[2] 1 wartawan Sepanyol mati[3][4] | |||||||
Serangan Amerika Syarikat ke atas Panama atau nama kodnya Operasi Just Cause, adalah satu serangan ke atas Panama yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Syarikat pada bulan Disember 1989. Ia berlaku semasa pentadbiran Presiden Amerika Syarikat George H. W. Bush, dan selepas sepuluh tahun Perjanjian Torrijos–Carter diratifikasi bagi pertukaran kawalan ke atas Terusan Panama dari Amerika Syarikat kembali kepada Panama pada tahun 2000.
Dalam serangan ini, pemimpin de facto Panama, Jeneral Manuel Noriega telah dijatuhkan, digantikan dengan Guillermo Endara dan Pasukan Bersenjata Panama dibubarkan.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ http://www.army.mil/-news/2008/12/14/14302-operation-just-cause-the-invasion-of-panama-december-1989
- ^ The Panama Deception (1992 Academy Award Winning Documentary)
- ^ U.S. Sued in Death of a Journalist in Panama NY Times, June 24, 1990
- ^ 'It's Been Worth It': Bush - U.S. Troops Take Control of Panama LA Times, December 21, 1989
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- New York Times, December 21, 1989, "For a Panamanian, Hope and Tragedy", Roberto Eisenmann.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Yates, Lawrence A. (2008). The U.S. Military Intervention in Panama: Origins, Planning and Crisis Managament, June 1987-December 1989 (ed. First). United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 55–1–1. Unknown parameter
|city=ignored (bantuan) - Operation Just Cause: The Incursion into Panama, R. Cody Phillips, 2004.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Army Aviation in Operation JUST CAUSE Diarkibkan 2011-03-04 di Wayback Machine
- Marines In Panama:1988 - 1990
- BBC News Archive: 1989: U.S. forces oust General Noriega
- 1989 Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Panama by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights describes human rights violations by the Noriega regime before Operation Just Cause.
- How Television Sold the Panama Invasion – Extra!, January 1990; a publication of the media watch group, FAIR.
- Panama: Background of U.S. Invasion of 1989 Diarkibkan 2008-07-04 di Wayback Machine – historical timeline.
- Operation Just Cause – an excerpt from Deterring Democracy, by Noam Chomsky.
- Photographs from the XVIII Airborne Corps History Office
- More photographs.
- Tactical map of Operation Just Cause Diarkibkan 2004-05-15 di Wayback Machine.
- Effects of the military intervention by the United States of America in Panama on the situation in Central America - UN General Assembly Meeting 29 December 1989
- Operation Just Cause List of Oral Histories and Transcripts hosted by the United States Army Center of Military History