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Belian

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
(Dilencongkan daripada Pokok Belian)

Pokok Belian
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:
Tumbuhan
Divisi:
Magnoliophyta
(tanpa pangkat):
Magnoliid
Order:
Laurales
Keluarga:
Lauraceae
Genus:
Eusideroxylon
Spesies:
E. zwageri
Nama binomial
Eusideroxylon zwageri
Teysm. & Binnend.

Pokok belian merupakan sejenis pokok kayu keras dengan nama saintifik Eusideroxylon zwageri.[1] Ia merupakan pokok yang lambat tumbuh membesar dan bukan dipterokarpa. Pokok ini dapat ditemui secara alami di kawasan Borneo, Flores, Jawa dan Kepulauan Sulu.[2] Pokok ini dikenali dengan kayunya yang tahan lasak, dan banyak digunkan dalam pembinaan struktur.

Kayu belian tahan secara semulajadi disebabkan ciri-ciri anatomi uniknya dan kandungan hasilan yang tinggi. Kayunya mampu tahan dedahan kepada tanah dan keadaan lain tanpa kehilangan kekuatan yang jelas. Beberapa tiang eletrik belian yang diuji di Sarawak menunjukkan hanya pereputan permukaan pada garis tanah selepas 20 tahun. Ujian menggunakan mikroskop elektron menunjukkan kehadiran rongga reput lembut pada dinding serat. Tambahan pada serangan reput lembut pada dinding kedua, pada beberapa tisu reput, bahagian lain dinding serat, termasuk lamela tengah berlignin, turut terurai. Bakteria juga turut banyak terdapat pada sel ini, mencadangkan penguraian tisu kayu pada permukaan mungkin hasil tindakan bersama fungi pereputan lembut dan bakteria pengurai kayu.[3]

Kegunaan

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Dengan daya tahan yang elok terhadap serangan mikroorganisma dan serangga, kayu belian banyak diberi perhatian dalam pembinaan struktur luaran. Di samping itu, ketumpatan kayu yang tinggi serta sifat kayu yang mudah dikerjakan juga menjadikannya pilihan dalam struktur marin seperti pembinaan jeti dan kapal seperti kapal layar pinisi.[4] Selain itu, kayu belian juga digunakan untuk menghasilkan azimat, barangan kemas dan senjata peribumi.

Ancaman spesies

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Pokok ini terancam berikutan kehilangan habitat akibat eksploitasi berlebihan, kekurangan pertumbuhan sempurna serta kesukaran penanaman.[5] Pengeksportan kayu belian telah diharamkan dalam perundangan Indonesia dan Sarawak, tetapi penyeludupan haram masih berlaku.[6]

Rujukan

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  1. ^ Preferred Check List of Sabah Trees, Y. F. Lee, Natural History Publications (Borneo), 2003 - Trees - 130 pages
  2. ^ Eusideroxylon zwageri. zipcodezoo.com
  3. ^ Soft rot decay of Belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri) wood
  4. ^ History of the Indonesian Pinisi. kastenmarine.co
  5. ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/31316/0/full
  6. ^ "Penanaman Pohon di Makam Imogiri". 2009-05-05. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 6, 2009. Dicapai pada April 6, 2009.

Rujukan tambahan

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  • Asian Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Viet Nam) 1998. Eusideroxylon zwageri. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 August 2007.
  • A. Ajizah, Thihana and Mirhanuddin. 2007. Potensi ekstrak kayu ulin dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteria secara in vitro. Banjarmasin, Indonesia.
  • Browne, F.G. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Government Printing Office, Kuching: 1955
  • Delmy, A. 2001. Fire resistance of tree species in Bukit Soeharto Education Forest, East kalimantan, Indonesia. In: S. Kobayashi, J.W. Turnbull, T. Toma, T. Mori, N.M.N.A. Majid (eds.) Bogor, Indonesia, CIFOR. 27-34.
  • de Guzman, E.D. Conservation of vanishing timber species in the Philippines In: Williams, J., Lamourak, C.H. and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, N. (Eds), South-East Asian plant genetic resources; Symposium Proceedings Bogor, Indonesia, March 1975. IBPGR, Bogor; 1975
  • Indonesia, Republic of: Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangungan Nasional (Bappenas): Department of Planning and Development: [1]
  • Indonesia, Republic of: Departemen Kehutanan Republik Indonesia [Department of Forestry]: Departemen Perhutanan[2]
  • Indonesia, Republic of: Komisi Nasional Sumber Daya Genetik [National Commission of Genetic Inforamtion Resources]: National Phytological Germplasm database: [3]
  • Kartasubrata, J. Tumpangsari method for establishment of teak plantations in Java. Tropical Agricultural Research (Japan): 1979, 12: 141152.
  • Kartasubrata, J. Research support to community forestry projects on forest land in Java, Indonesia in M.E. Stevens, S. Bhumibhamon & H. Wood, eds. Research policy for communitty forestry in the Asia-Pacific region. p. 227-236. Proceedings of a seminar. Bangkok, RECOFTC: 1990
  • Kartawinata, K. Silvicultural management of the logged natural dipterocarp forest in South-east Asia, in J. Davidson, Tho Yow Pong & M. Bijleveld, eds. Future of tropical rainforests in South-east Asia Commission of Ecology Papers, 10. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN: 1983
  • Kartawinata, K., Adisoemarto, S., Riswan, S. and Vayda, A.P. The impact of man on a tropical forest in Indonesia. Ambio: 1981 vol 10(2-3): 115-119
  • Kartasubrata, J. 1991. Planning and implementation aspects based on some successful agroforestry projects in Indonesia. In W. Mellink Y.S. Rao & K.G. MacDicken, eds. Agroforestry in Asia and the Pacific, p. 232-250. RAPA Publication 1991/5. Bangkok, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. * Kasten Marine [4]
  • H. Kurokawa, T. Yoshida, T. Nakamura, J. Lai and T. Nakashizuka. 2001. The age of tropical rain-forest canopy species, Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri ), determined by 14C dating. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19:1–7. Cambridge University Press
  • H.G. Richter and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 16 April 2006 [5]
  • Partomihardjo, T. The ulin wood which is threatened to extinction, Duta Rimba: 1981, 87-88(13): 10-15.
  • Peluso, N.L. The Ironwood Problem: (Mis)Management and Development of an Extractive Rainforest Product. Conservation Biology 1992 Vol. 6, No. 2: 210-219
  • Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers Pudoc Scientific Publishers: 1993, Wageningen
  • Soerianegara, I. Ecological researches relevant to current silvicultural problems Rimba 1973, Indonesia, 17: 133- 142.
  • Soerianegara, I. Forest tree improvement in Indonesia, In R. Toda, ed. Forest tree breeding in the worldTokyo, Government Forest Experiment Station: 1974, p. 146-153.
  • Soerianegara, I. & Kartawinata, K. Silvicultural management of the logged natural dipterocarp forest in South-east Asia, in J. Davidson, Tho Yow Pong & M. Bijleveld, eds. Future of tropical rainforests in South-east Asia Commission of Ecology Papers, 10. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN: 1983
  • Suselo, T.B. Autecology of E. zwageri T. & B. (Lauraceae) as applied to forest regeneration, In: Proceeds of Symposium: Forest Regeneration in South East Asia, Biotrop Special Publication No. 25 BIOTROP, Bogor.: 1987
  • Tantra, G.M. Erosi plasma nutfah nabati : [Erosion of Germplasm phytology], J. Penelitian & Penembangan Pertanian 1983 vol 2(1): 1-5.
  • UNEP and WCMC. Strategies for sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade in Southeast Asia, UNEP: 2007
  • USDA Forest Service [6] Diarkibkan 2009-04-14 di Wayback Machine, accessed April 4, 2008

Pautan luar

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