Pandemik selesema 1918
Influenza (Flu) |
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Pandemik selesema 1918 (biasanya disebut Selesema Sepanyol) merupakan pandemik influenza kategori 5 yang bermula di Amerika Syarikat, muncul di Afrika Barat dan Perancis, lalu tersebar hampir ke seluruh dunia. Pandemik merupakan yang pertama disebabkan oleh virus influenza A subjenis H1N1. Kebanyakan yang mati akibat selsema ini adalah para belia, berbeza dengan kebanyakan wabak selsema lain, yang meragut nyawa kanak-kanak, orang tua dan pesakit-pesakit lain yang daya tahannya kurang.
Selsema Sepanyol terjadi dari Februari 1918 hingga April 1920,[1] dan tersebar sehingga ke Artik dan kepulauan Pasifik. Diperkirakan 50 hingga 100 juta orang di seluruh dunia terkorban, menjadikannya antara bencana alam paling membawa maut di dunia.[2][3][4][5][6]
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pengenalpastian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Di Amerika Syarikat, penyakit ini mula disyaki di Haskell County, Kansas, pada Januari 1918. Pada 4 Mac 1918, tukang masak Albert Gitchell jatuh sakit di Fort Riley, Kansas, kemudian disahkan kerana penyakit ini. Menjelang tengah hari 11 Mac 1918, lebih 100 askar telah dimasukkan ke hospital.[7]
Jangkitan ini mula diketahui ramai apabila adanya laporan kes bawaan Sepanyol ke Perancis pada November 1918 semasaberlakunya Perang Dunia Pertama yang meletus serata Eropah.[8][9] Catatan perkembangan berita ini kurang ditekankan lagi-lagi atas dasar keselamatan negara, namun status Sepanyol sebagai negara yang berkecuali dalam perang ini menyebabkan akhbar-akhbar sana bebas melaporkan kesan penyakit secara langsung.[10][11] Keadaan Raja Alfonso XIII yang sangat gering pada ketika itu merumitkan keadaan sehingga ada yang salah anggap Sepanyol sebagai punca wabak dan kawasan paling terjejas serta mengaitkan wabak ini dengan negara tersebut - di bawah nama Spanish flu ("influenza Sepanyol")[12] Meskipun begini, influenza ini tidak dapat dikenalpasti asal-usulnya oleh para pakar epidemiologi.[13]
Perangkaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kesan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Institut Pasteur. La Grippe Espagnole de 1918 (Penyampaian Powerpoint dalam bahasa Perancis)
- ^ GF Pyle (1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bull Hist Med. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Jeffery K. Taubenberger dan David M. Morens. 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics, Januari 2006. Dicapai 9 Mei 2010. Arkib 1 Oktober 2009.
- ^ Tindall 2007
- ^ Molly Billings The Influenza Pandemic of 1918. Human Virology at Stanford. Februari 2005. Dicapai 29/2/2012. Arkib 4 Mei 2009.
- ^ NP Johnson, J Mueller (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic". Bull Hist Med. 76 (1): 105–15. doi:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022. PMID 11875246.
- ^ "Influenza 1918". American Experience. Dicapai pada 17 Januari 2012.
- ^ Porras-Gallo & Davis 2014.
- ^ Galvin 2007.
- ^ Anderson, Susan (29 August 2006). "Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic". American College of Physicians. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 25 November 2011. Dicapai pada 2 October 2011. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - ^ "Spanish flu facts". Channel 4 News. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 January 2010.
- ^ Barry 2004, m/s. 171.
- ^ Taubenberger & Morens 2006.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89473-7.
- Crosby, Alfred W. (1990). America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38695-0.
- Johnson, Niall (2006). Britain and the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36560-0.
- Johnson, Niall (2003). "Measuring a pandemic: Mortality, demography and geography". Popolazione e Storia: 31–52.
- Johnson, Niall (2003). "Scottish 'flu – The Scottish mortality experience of the "Spanish flu". Scottish Historical Review. 83 (2): 216–226.
- Juergen Mueller, Niall Johnson (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 'Spanish' influenza pandemic". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 76: 105–15.
- Kolata, Gina. Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It (1999) ISBN 0-374-15706-5
- Little, Jean (2007). If I Die Before I Wake: The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor, Toronto, Ontario, 1918. Dear Canada. Markham, Ont.: Scholastic Canada. ISBN 9780439988377.
- Michel Garenne, Andrew Noymer (2000). "The 1918 Influenza Epidemic's Effects on Sex Differentials in Mortality in the United States". Population and Development Review. 26 (3): 565–581. ISSN 0098-7921.
- Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Innes W, Daniels RS, Johnson NP (2002). "World War I may have allowed the emergence of "Spanish" influenza". The Lancet infectious diseases. 2 (2): 111–4. PMID 11901642.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Johnson NP, Daniels RS (1999). "Who's that lady?". Nat. Med. 5 (12): 1351–2. doi:10.1038/70913. PMID 10581070.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- David Killingray (eds), Howard Phillips (2003). The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge.
- Edwina Palmer, Geoffrey W. Rice (1993). "Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918-1919: Mortality Patterns and Official Responses". Journal of Japanese Studies. 19 (2): 389–420. ISSN 0095-6848.
- Geoffrey W. Rice (2005). Black November: the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand. Canterbury University Press. ISBN 1-877257-35-4.
- Tumpey TM, García-Sastre A, Mikulasova A (2002). "Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (21): 13849–54. doi:10.1073/pnas.212519699. PMID 12368467.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Pandemik selesema 1918 |
- Video from Expert Panel Discussion on Avian Flu Diarkibkan 2007-12-13 di Wayback Machine
- Nature "Web Focus" on 1918 flu, including new research
- Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu
- Article: The Deadliest Fall
- Influenza 1918 in the United States on pbs.org
- Secrets of the Dead: Killer Flu (PBS)
- Flu by Eileen A. Lynch. The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dialog: An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu
- The Deadly Virus - The Influenza Epidemic of 1918, by the National Archives and Records Administration (see actual pictures and records of the time).
- The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand - includes recorded recollections of people who lived through it
- Experts Unlock Clues to Spread of 1918 Flu Virus - The New York Times
- PBS - recovery of flu samples from Alaskan flu victims
- An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic
- Alaska Science Forum - Permafrost Preserves Clues to Deadly 1918 Flu Diarkibkan 2012-04-19 di Wayback Machine
- Pathology of Influenza in France, 1920 Report
- "Deadly secret of 1918 flu virus unmasked" Diarkibkan 2007-12-28 di Wayback Machine, Cosmos magazine, September 2006
- Yesterday's News blog, 1918 newspaper account on impact of flu on Minneapolis
- "Lethal secrets of 1918 flu virus" BBC News, January 2007
- "Study uncovers a lethal secret of 1918 influenza virus" Diarkibkan 2007-01-22 di Wayback Machine University of Wisconsin - Madison, January 17, 2007
- "The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications" Journal of Translational Medicine, January 20, 2004