Emydura macquarii

Kura-kura Sungai Murray; Julat zaman: Eocene–Kini PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Kura-kura Macquarie; Emydura macquarii
Status pemuliharaan
	; Kurang membimbangkan (IUCN 2.3)
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Kordata
Subfilum:	Vertebrata
Kelas:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Pleurodira
Keluarga:	Chelidae
Subkeluarga:	Chelodininae
Genus:	Emydura
Spesies:	E. macquarrii
Nama binomial
	Emydura macquarrii; (Gray, 1830)
Subspesies
	E. m. macquarrii (Gray, 1830); E. m. krefftii (Gray, 1871); E. m. nigra McCord et al., 2003; E. m. emmotti Cann et al., 2003;
Sinonim
	E. m. macquarii (Gray 1830) Emys macquaria Cuvier 1829:11 (nomen nudum); Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii ; Gray 1830:15; Hydraspis macquarrii Gray 1831:40 (nomen novum); Platemys macquaria A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron 1835:438 (nomen novum); Hydraspis australis Gray 1841:445 (10:41) (nomen dubium); Euchelymys sulcifera Gray 1871a:118; Emydura macquariae ; Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen novum); Emydura signata Ahl 1932:127; Emydura canni Worrell 1970:pl.6 (nomen nudum); Chelymys cooki Wells & Wellington 1985:8 (nomen nudum); Chelymys johncanni Wells & Wellington 1985:8 (nomen nudum); Emydura macquarii binjing ; Cann 1998:116; Emydura macquarii dharra ; Cann 1998:120; Emydura macquarii gunabarra ; Cann 1998:123; Emydura macquarii dharuk ; Cann 1998:126; E. m. emmotti Cann, McCord & Joseph-Ouni in Mc-Cord, Cann & Joseph-Ouni 2003 Chelymys windorah Wells & Wellington 1985:8 (nomen nudum); Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord & Joseph-Ouni in McCord, Cann & Joseph-Ouni 2003:59; E. m. krefftii (Gray 1871) Chelymys krefftii Gray 1871b:366; Chelymys victoriae marmorata ; Gray 1872d:506; Chelymys victoriae sulcata ; Gray 1872d:506; E. m. nigra McCord, Cann & Joseph-Ouni 2003 Tropicochelymys insularis Wells & Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum); Emydura macquarii nigra McCord, Cann & Joseph-Ouni 2003:59;

Emydura macquarii atau Kura-kura Sungai Murray ialah spesies kura-kura yang mendiami sungai di timur Australia. Spesies ini ditemui di lembangan Sungai Murray, muara sungai di pantai New South Wales, pantai berhampiran Sungai Queensland, anak Sungai Cooper, dan di sepanjang Pulau Fraser.

Haiwan ini sering diserang cacing pipih, Choanocotyle elegans.^[7]

Pengumpulan dan penemuan bersejarah

Spesies ini mempunyai penamaan taksa yang rumit, termasuklah gambaran aslinya. holotip yang asal telah diambil dan direkodkan oleh René Primevère Lesson (1794–1849) dan Prosper Garnot (1794–1838) pada tahun 1824. Semasa ekspedisi La Coquille, yang diketuai oleh Louis Isidore Duperrey, mereka berada di Sydney, Australia, dari 17 Januari - 25 Mac 1824, dan melawati Bathurst. Dalam masa yang sama, mereka mengumpul holotip dari Sungai Macquarie.^[8]

Rekod dan gambaran pertama mengenai spesies ini dikemukakan oleh Baron Georges Cuvier pada tahun 1829,^[9] tetapi dianggap sebagai nomen nudum. Walau bagaimanapun, gambaran rekod oleh John Edward Gray yang disahkan tulen pada 1831^[1]

Penentuan jantina

Sistem penentuan jantina XY digunakan, menjadikan ia salah satu spesies kura-kura yang mempunyai genetik SDM. Kromosom X dan Y adalah makrokromosom, tidak seperti kebanyakan kura-kura GSD termasuklah spesies Chelodina longicollis, yang mempunyai mikrokromosom. Hipotesis menunjukkan kromosom jantina kura-kura ini terbentuk dari translokasi yang diwarisi mikrokromosom Y kepada autosom.^[10]

Etimologi

Genus, Emydura, diambil dari perkataan Latin, emys (kura-kura air tawar) dan perkataan oura (ekor), disingkatkan menjadi ura. Nama Spesies, macquarii, merujuk kepada keberadaan lokaliti kura-kura: Sungai Macquarie. Menunjukkan spesies ini tidak dinamakan atas nama Governor Lachlan Macquarie, iaitu orang yang menamakan sungai tersebut.^[8]

Nama subspesies, krefftii, merujuk kepada seorang pakar alamiah (naturalis) kelahiran German-Australia Gerard Krefft.^[11]

Nama biasa

E. macquarii juga dipanggil Kura-kura Sungai Murray.

Status Pemuliharaan

Emydura macquarii disenaraikan sebagai spesies terjejas di selatan Australia melalui undang-undang negeri.^[12]

Galeri

Emydura macquarii holotip: MNHN 9409, pandangan atas
Emydura macquarii holotip: MNHN 9409, pandangan bawah

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b ^c Gray, J.E. 1830. A synopsis of the species of the class Reptilia. pp 1-110 in Griffith, E. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier. London: Whitaker and Treacher and Co. 9:481 + 110pp.
^ Gray, J.E. 1871. Notes on Australian freshwater tortoises. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)8:366.
^ McCord, W., Cann, J. and Joseph-Uoni, M. Fraser Island short-neck turtle, Emydura macquarii nigra ssp. nov. Reptilia 27: 62-63
^ Cann, J. McCord, W. and Joseph-Uoni, M. (2003) Emmort's short-neck turtle, Emydura macquarii emmotti ssp. nov. Reptilia 27: 60-61
^ Georges, A. & Thomson, S. 2010. Diversity of Australasian freshwater turtles, with an annotated synonymy and keys to species. Zootaxa 2496: 1–37.
^ Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.]. 2014. Turtles of the world, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):000.329–479, doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.
^ Description and life-cycle of two new species of Choanocotyle n. g. (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida), parasites of Australian freshwater turtles, and the erection of the family Choanocotylidae. Lindsay Jue Sue, Systematic Parasitology, September 1998, Volume 41, Issue 1, pages 47–61, doi:10.1023/A:1006074125118
^ ^a ^b Cann, J. 1998. Australian Freshwater Turtles. Beumont Publishing, Singapore. pp. 101
^ Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. 1829. Le Regne Animal. Vol. 2 XV. Paris: Deterville, pp. 406 (ii)
^ Martinez, Pedro Alonzo; Ezaz, Tariq; Valenzuela, Nicole; Georges, Arthur; Graves, Jennifer A. Marshall (2008-08-09). "An XX/XY heteromorphic sex chromosome system in the Australian chelid turtle Emydura macquarii: A new piece in the puzzle of sex chromosome evolution in turtles". Chromosome Research. 16 (6): 815–825. doi:10.1007/s10577-008-1228-4. ISSN 0967-3849.
^ Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Emydura macquarii krefftii, p. 146).
^ Atlas of Living Australia "Emydura macquarii" Retrieved 2013-11-20.

[gray1830-1] Gray, J.E. 1830. A synopsis of the species of the class Reptilia. pp 1-110 in Griffith, E. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier. London: Whitaker and Treacher and Co. 9:481 + 110pp.

[gray1871-2] Gray, J.E. 1871. Notes on Australian freshwater tortoises. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)8:366.

[CMJ2-3] McCord, W., Cann, J. and Joseph-Uoni, M. Fraser Island short-neck turtle, Emydura macquarii nigra ssp. nov. Reptilia 27: 62-63

[CMJ1-4] Cann, J. McCord, W. and Joseph-Uoni, M. (2003) Emmort's short-neck turtle, Emydura macquarii emmotti ssp. nov. Reptilia 27: 60-61

[gt10-5] Georges, A. & Thomson, S. 2010. Diversity of Australasian freshwater turtles, with an annotated synonymy and keys to species. Zootaxa 2496: 1–37.

[ttwg-6] Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.]. 2014. Turtles of the world, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):000.329–479, doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.

[JueSue-7] Description and life-cycle of two new species of Choanocotyle n. g. (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida), parasites of Australian freshwater turtles, and the erection of the family Choanocotylidae. Lindsay Jue Sue, Systematic Parasitology, September 1998, Volume 41, Issue 1, pages 47–61, doi:10.1023/A:1006074125118

[Cann98-8] Cann, J. 1998. Australian Freshwater Turtles. Beumont Publishing, Singapore. pp. 101

[cuv1829-9] Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. 1829. Le Regne Animal. Vol. 2 XV. Paris: Deterville, pp. 406 (ii)

[10] Martinez, Pedro Alonzo; Ezaz, Tariq; Valenzuela, Nicole; Georges, Arthur; Graves, Jennifer A. Marshall (2008-08-09). "An XX/XY heteromorphic sex chromosome system in the Australian chelid turtle Emydura macquarii: A new piece in the puzzle of sex chromosome evolution in turtles". Chromosome Research. 16 (6): 815–825. doi:10.1007/s10577-008-1228-4. ISSN 0967-3849.

[11] Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Emydura macquarii krefftii, p. 146).

[12] Atlas of Living Australia "Emydura macquarii" Retrieved 2013-11-20.

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