Kristian di Iraq
Orang Kristian Iraq dianggap sebagai salah satu komuniti Kristian berterusan tertua di dunia.
Sebilangan besar penganut Kristian Iraq adalah etnik Assyria berbahasa Aram Timur asli yang berasal dari Assyria purba, dan mengikuti tradisi Kristian Syria. Ada juga yang dikenali dengan nama denominasi agama mereka serta identiti etnik mereka, seperti Chaldo-Assyria, Katolik Chaldean atau Syriac (lihat Syarat untuk Kristian Syriac). Kristian Iraq bukan Assyria sebahagian besarnya adalah Arab Kristian dan Armenia, dan minoriti Kurdish, Shabak dan Turkmen Iraq yang sangat kecil. Kebanyakan penganut Kristian Iraq masa kini berbeza dari segi etnik, linguistik, sejarah dan genetik daripada Kurd, Arab, Iran, Turki dan Turkmen (serta daripada rakan Kristian Syria di Syria Barat, Lubnan, Jordan dan Turki Barat Daya).[perlu rujukan] Tanpa mengira pertalian agama (Gereja Asyur di Timur, Gereja Katolik Chaldean, Gereja Ortodoks Syria, Gereja Katolik Syria, Gereja Pentakosta Assyria, dll.) Kristian berbahasa Aram Timur Iraq dan sekitarnya adalah satu orang yang homogen secara genetik. Mereka mengenal pasti diri mereka sebagai bangsa yang berasingan, asal usul yang berbeza dan dengan sejarah tersendiri yang mengimbau kembali ke Assyria dan Mesopotamia purba (lihat kesinambungan Assyria dan Sejarah Assyria).[1] Kristian Assyria juga mempunyai komuniti di timur laut Syria, tenggara Turki, dan barat laut Iran serta di seluruh dunia Assyria diaspora.
Kristian Syria mula-mula ditubuhkan di Mesopotamia, dan subset tertentu tradisi itu (iaitu Gereja Timur dan gereja penggantinya) telah ditubuhkan di utara dan tengah-selatan Iraq, dan akhirnya akan merebak menjadi salah satu gereja Kristian yang paling popular di Timur Tengah dan Wilayah Bulan Sabit Subur, dan akan merebak ke India dan China.
Iraq memainkan sumbangan yang kaya dan penting kepada sejarah Kristian, dan selepas Israel, Iraq mempunyai sejarah yang paling alkitabiah daripada mana-mana negara lain di dunia.[2] Patriark Abraham berasal dari Ur, di selatan Iraq, Nasiriya zaman sekarang, dan Rebecca berasal dari barat laut Iraq, di Assyria. Selain itu, Daniel tinggal di Iraq hampir sepanjang hidupnya. Nabi Yehezkiel berasal dari selatan Iraq dan tempat sucinya terletak di sana. Tempat suci nabi Yunus dan Saint George juga terletak di sana, dan pelbagai nabi dan orang kudus alkitabiah lain dikatakan berasal dari sana juga. Adam dan Hawa juga secara meluas dianggap berasal dari Iraq, kerana Taman Eden yang alkitabiah sebahagian besarnya dikaitkan dengan terletak di selatan Iraq.[2][3]
Sebelum Perang Teluk pada tahun 1991, orang Kristian berjumlah satu juta di Iraq.[4] Ini mungkin kurang kira separuh seperti yang dilihat dalam nombor banci 1987. Pemerintahan Ba'ath di bawah Saddam Hussein mengekalkan keganasan anti-Kristian di bawah kawalan tetapi tertakluk kepada beberapa "program penempatan semula".[4] Di bawah rejim ini, orang Assyria yang kebanyakannya berbeza dari segi etnik dan bahasa telah ditekan untuk mengenal pasti sebagai bangsa Arab. Penduduk Kristian jatuh kepada kira-kira 800,000 semasa Perang Iraq 2003.[4]
Semasa Perang Iraq 2013–2017, dengan ISIS dengan pantas melanda tanah barat Iraq, Assyria dan Armenia Kristian melarikan diri kerana mereka takut dianiaya oleh organisasi pengganas, kerana mereka akan ‘membunuh’ mana-mana orang yang tidak percaya dengan mazhab Sunni mereka. Beribu-ribu orang Kristian Iraq melarikan diri ke Baghdad, ibu kota negara itu, di mana mereka mendapat perlindungan dan perumahan yang mencukupi, sebahagian daripada mereka telah memilih untuk menjadikan Baghdad sebagai rumah kekal mereka berikutan kekalahan penuh ISIS di Iraq.[5] Beribu-ribu juga telah melarikan diri ke bahagian lain di selatan Iraq, seperti bandar majoriti Syiah di Najaf yang menempatkan beribu-ribu orang Kristian di tempat suci Islam sebaik sahaja mereka melarikan diri dari ISIS, yang berusaha untuk memusnahkan mereka.[6] Sebilangan besar penduduk juga telah kembali ke rumah mereka secara beramai-ramai berikutan kekalahan ISIS dan dapat merayakan perayaan Kristian Krismas dan Paskah dengan selamat dengan perlindungan Unit Perlindungan Dataran Nineveh Assyria dan sekutunya.[7][8]
Bilangan semasa Kristian Iraq dikatakan sekitar 500,000, menurut Perkhidmatan Penyelidikan EU mengenai minoriti di Iraq,[9] walaupun jumlahnya berbeza dari sumber ke sumber berikutan bancian terakhir Iraq telah berlaku lebih 30 tahun lalu. Banci dijadualkan pada 2020 di mana jumlah penganut Kristian di Iraq akan dijelaskan.[10][9]
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 9 November 2013. Dicapai pada 12 Mei 2024.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ a b "Northern Iraq 2017: "Unknown too many, after Israel, Iraq is the location of more biblical history than any other country. The great patriarch Abraham came from Ur in southern Iraq, modern Nasiriyah and Rebekah came from northwest Iraq. Additionally, Jacob's sons, the 12 tribes of Israel, were all born in Iraq and Daniel lived in Iraq most of his life."" (PDF).
- ^ "Where Was the Garden of Eden Located?".
- ^ a b c "Iraqi Christians' long history". BBC. 13 Mac 2008. Dicapai pada 12 Mei 2024.
- ^ "Iraqi Christians displaced by ISIL find solace in Baghdad". www.aljazeera.com. Dicapai pada 12 Mei 2024.
- ^ Mamouri, Ali (7 Ogos 2014). "Najaf takes in Christians displaced by Islamic State". Al-Monitor (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 12 Mei 2024.
- ^ "In Iraq, Christians return home, also for the sake of children of the diaspora". Aid to the Church in Need (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 21 Februari 2019. Dicapai pada 12 Mei 2024.
- ^ NPU (14 April 2019). "Large celebrations were held throughout the Nineveh Plain for Palm Sunday. The NPU will continue to protect our people and defend their way of life.pic.twitter.com/4JcaBBIGIS". @NinevehPU (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 12 Mei 2024.
- ^ a b "Minorities in Iraq - 500,000 Christians" (PDF).
- ^ "Iraq prepping to conduct a census in 2020".
Bacaan lanjut
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- Morony, Michael G. (1984). Iraq After the Muslim Conquest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691053950.
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Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Official Website of the Eastern Orthodox Archdiocese of Baghdad, Kuwait and Dependencies
- European Centre for Law and Justice (2011): The Persecution of Oriental Christians, what answer from Europe?
- Spencer, Richard (21 Jun 2014). "Iraq's beleaguered Christians make final stand on the Mosul frontline". The Telegraph.