Hardline (subbudaya)
Hardline ialah sebuah subbudaya yang berakar umbi dalam adegan punk tegar vegan straight edge.[1] Ia biasanya dilihat sebagai versi kelebihan lurus yang lebih ekstrem, dengan pengaruh daripada falsafah ekologi mendalam. Sejak awalnya, penganut garis keras mengeluarkan kenyataan dan kesusasteraan yang mendorong pandangan biosentrik dunia, yang menyokong veganisme, hak haiwan, pro-kehidupan, anti-homoseksual, dan versi falsafah yang lebih militan, yang menyokong untuk tiada alkohol, tiada dadah, tiada gaya hidup tembakau.[2][3] Pandangan dunia garis keras telah dituduh oleh pengkritik sebagai ecoautoritarian.[4][5] Pengasas bersama garis keras Sean Muttaqi dengan tegas menolak perkauman dan fasisme.[6]
Sebilangan kecil kumpulan garis keras wujud, yang paling terkenal ialah Vegan Reich[7] dan Raid.[8] Earth Crisis telah diselaraskan secara longgar dengan subbudaya, tetapi tidak semestinya diklasifikasikan sebagai kugiran hardline.[9][10]
Zaman kegemilangan garis keras adalah pada awal hingga pertengahan 1990-an apabila bab garis keras wujud di beberapa bandar di seluruh Amerika Syarikat serta di United Kingdom dan Jerman. Walau bagaimanapun, pada penghujung tahun 1990-an, subbudaya kebanyakannya telah pudar daripada kewujudan.[4]
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Anarkisme dan hak haiwan
- Anarkisme dan Islam
- Hak haiwan dan subbudaya punk
- Bioetika
- Etika hidup yang konsisten
- Ekologi dalam
- Neo-Luddisme
- Feminisme pro kehidupan
- Ideologi punk
- Straight edge
- Rekod Pemberontakan
- Veganisme
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3851-3.
- Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-051-1.
- Wood, Robert T. (2006). Straight Edge Youth: The Complexity and Contradictions of a Subculture. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3127-8.
- Pike, Sarah (2011). The Study of Children in Religion: A Methods Handbook. New York, N.Y.: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7746-6.
- Eeyore, Phoenix X (2022). Total Revolution?: An Outsider History of Hardline. USA: Warcry Communications. ISBN 978-1-9574-5203-6.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ XVX, Mittens (January 9, 2017). "Statement: From Anarcho-Punk to The Birth of Vegan Straight Edge". DIY Conspiracy.
- ^ Loadenthal, Michael (2022). "Feral fascists and deep green guerrillas: infrastructural attack and accelerationist terror". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 15 (1): 169–208. doi:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031129. S2CID 247161917 Check
|s2cid=value (bantuan). Dicapai pada April 26, 2022.Hardline politics borrow from deep ecology, biocentrist, vegan, Straight Edge, punk, and other movements and represents the pinnacle of performative moral purity and the avoidance of vice (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, abortion, casual sex, eating meat/dairy). It can be found most frequently in the 1990s hardcore punk scene, and bands such as Vegan Reich, Green Rage, Raid, Recoil, Pure Blood, and Uprisin
- ^ Staudenmaier, Peter (January 2005). "Ambiguities of Animal Rights". Institute for Social Ecology. Dicapai pada April 26, 2022.
The “Hardline” faction grew out of the Straight Edge movement in punk culture, and combines uncompromising veganism with purportedly “pro-life” politics. Hardliners believe in self-purification from various forms of ‘pollution’: animal products, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and “deviant” sexual behavior, including abortion, homosexuality, and indeed any sex for pleasure rather than procreation. Their version of animal liberation professes absolute authority based on the “laws of nature”.
- ^ a b Hughes, Brian (2018). "Reich vs. Reich: Libidinal Economy and the Hardline Subculture". Parasol: Journal of the Centre for Experimental Ontology: 76–117. Dicapai pada April 26, 2022.
- ^ Smith, Gabriel (2011). "White Mutants of Straight Edge: The Avant-Garde of Abstinence". The Journal of Popular Culture. 44 (3): 633–646. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2011.00852.x.
- ^ Eeyore, Phoenix X (2022). "Total Revolution?: An Outsider History of Hardline". p. 78 and 83: Warcry Communications. Dicapai pada June 30, 2022.
The first step would have to be a dictatorship by vegans who would help speed up the natural evolution process by re-educating those who can be, and weeding out those beyond help (1989). [and] Anyone who’s followed Vegan Reich should know that we’ve always supported the Black Liberation Struggle and have always fought fascism in all of its forms (2020).
CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Paul, Aubin (November 4, 2009). "Vegan Reich reactivating". Punknews.org. Dicapai pada June 17, 2013.
According to their MySpace, the controversial hardline group Vegan Reich are writing and rehearsing for a new record.
- ^ xYosefx (January 3, 2009). "Raid Interview - Scribd". Scribd. Dicapai pada June 17, 2013.
- ^ "The rise of vegan straight edge & Earth Crisis". ThePunkRockMBA. April 9, 2019. Dicapai pada April 26, 2022.
- ^ Parkes, Alan (June 2014). "This Small World: The Legacy and Impact of New York City Hardcore Punk and Straight Edge in the 1980s". Forum Journal of History. 6 (1). doi:10.15368/forum.2014v6n1.9. Dicapai pada April 26, 2022.
Buechner formed his band, Earth Crisis, in 1989 with both straight edge and veganism as primary focuses for lyrical content, endorsing direct action from such groups as the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front. The ideas expressed by bands such as Earth Crisis would ultimately form a distinct social circle in hardcore known for militancy: hardline. Hardline and its strict vegan message developed a national following in the mid-1990s.
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