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Arisaema

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Arisaema
Arisaema triphyllum
Pengelasan saintifik s
Domain: Eukaryota
Alam: Plantae
Klad: Trakeofit
Klad: Monokot
Order: Alismatales
Keluarga: Araceae
Subkeluarga: Aroideae
Tribus: Arisaemateae
Genus: Arisaema
Mart.
Julat genus Arisaema.
Sinonim[1]
  • Alocasia Neck. ex Raf.
  • Dochafa Schott
  • Muricauda Small
  • Flagellarisaema Nakai
  • Heteroarisaema Nakai
  • Pleuriarum Nakai
  • Ringentiarum Nakai
Arisaema tortuosum

Arisaema ialah suatu genus tumbuhan berbunga keluarga Araceae yang besar dan rencam. Tumpuan terbesar spesies ini adalah di China dan Jepun, dengan spesies lain tempatan di belahan lain selatan Asia semacam selatan dan tengah Afrika, Mexico, dan timur Amerika Utara.[1] Spesies Asia kerap dipanggil cobra lily, sedangkan spesies barat dipanggil jack-in-the-pulpit; kededua nama merujuk pada tampilan tersendiri bunganya, yang mana terdiri daripada tongkol tegak memusat yang muncul dari seludang.[2][3] Ia turut dipanggil likir lantaran bentuknya menyamai lekir dalam genus Amorphophallus.[4]

Pengelasan dan hubungan

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Saudara terdekat Arisaema tampaknya Pinellia dan Typhonium (sungguhpun yang kedua itu sesuai yang ditakrifkan pada 2004 kelihatannya parafiletik, melahirkan Arisaema dan genus lain). Satu ciri luar biasa yang dikongsi oleh kesemua spesies Arisaema dan bukan genus lain adalah penukaran jantina atau tindakan hermofrodit berurutan. Tumbuhan Arisaema selalunya jantan ketika kecil, dan betina atau sangkan apabila besar, dengan tumbuhan tunggal mampu menukarkan jantina berdasarkan nutrisi dan baka,[5] dan agaknya bertukar jantina beberapa kali sepanjang hidupnya yang panjang (20 tahun atau lebih).[6]

Spesies

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  1. Arisaema abei Seriz – Pulau Shikoku di Jepun
  2. Arisaema aequinoctiale Nakai & F.Maek – Honshu, Kepulauan dan Shikoku di Jepun
  3. Arisaema agasthyanum Sivad. & C.S.Kumar – Barat laut India
  4. Arisaema album N.E.Br. – Arunachal Pradesh dan Assam di India
  5. Arisaema amurense Maxim. – Timur jauh Russia, China, Korea Utara
  6. Arisaema anomalum Hemsl. – Semenanjung Malaysia
  7. Arisaema aprile J.Murata – Semenanjung Izu di Pulau Honshu di Jepun
  8. Arisaema aridum H.Li – Yunnan
  9. Arisaema asperatum N.E.Br – China, timur Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
  10. Arisaema auriculatum Buchet – Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan di China
  11. Arisaema austroyunnanense H.Li – Yunnan, Vietnam
  12. Arisaema averyanovii V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce – Vietnam
  13. Arisaema balansae Engl. – Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, timur China
  14. Arisaema bannaense H.Li – Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, Yunnan
  15. Arisaema barbatum Buchet – Yunnan, Thailand, Jawa, Bali
  16. Arisaema barnesii C.E.C.Fisch – India, Sri Lanka
  17. Arisaema bockii Engl. – China
  18. Arisaema bonatianum Engl. – Sichuan, Yunnan
  19. Arisaema bottae Schott – Yaman
  20. Arisaema brucei H.Li, R.Li & J.Murata – Yunnan
  21. Arisaema calcareum H.Li – Yunnan
  22. Arisaema candidissimum W.W.Sm. – Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
  23. Arisaema caudatum Engl. – barat India
  24. Arisaema chuanxiense Z.Y.Zhu, B.Q.Min & S.J.Zhu – Sichuan
  25. Arisaema chumponense Gagnep. – Thailand
  26. Arisaema ciliatum H.Li – Sichuan, Yunnan
  27. Arisaema clavatum Buchet – Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan
  28. Arisaema concinnum Schott – Tibet, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, timur dan utara India
  29. Arisaema condaoense V.D.Nguyen – Pulau Condao di Vietnam
  30. Arisaema consanguineum Schott – selatan China, Himalaya, Indochina
  31. Arisaema constrictum E.Barnes – Sri Lanka
  32. Arisaema cordatum N.E.Br. – Guangxi, Guangdong, Lantao
  33. Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. – Tibet, Nepal
  34. Arisaema cucullatum M.Hotta – Honshu di Jepun
  35. Arisaema dahaiense H.Li – Yunnan, Myanmar
  36. Arisaema decipiens Schott – selatan China, timur Himalaya, Vietnam
  37. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott – Mexico; timur Amerika Syarikat, timur Canada
  38. Arisaema echinatum (Wall.) Schott – Tibet, Nepal, Yunnan, timur Himalaya
  39. Arisaema echinoides H.Li – Yunnan
  40. Arisaema ehimense J.Murata & J.Ohno – Shikoku di Japan
  41. Arisaema elephas Buchet – Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
  42. Arisaema enneaphyllum Hochst. ex A.Rich. – Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Yaman
  43. Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott – Nepal
  44. Arisaema exappendiculatum H.Hara – Nepal, Tibet
  45. Arisaema fargesii Buchet – Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
  46. Arisaema filiforme (Reinw.) Blume – Borneo, Jawa, Malaysia, Sumatera
  47. Arisaema fimbriatum Masters – Thailand, Semenanjung Malaysia, Pulau Langkawi
  48. Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott – Ethiopia, Somalia, Semenanjung Tanah Arab, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Assam, Himalaya, Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan
  49. Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata – Taiwan
  50. Arisaema franchetianum Engl. – Tibet, Myanmar, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
  51. Arisaema fraternum Schott – Assam
  52. Arisaema galeatum N.E.Br. – Tibet, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
  53. Arisaema garrettii Gagnep. – Thailand
  54. Arisaema ghaticum (Sardesai, S.P.Gaikwad & S.R.Yadav) Punekar & Kumaran – Maharashtra
  55. Arisaema grapsospadix Hayata – Fujian, Taiwan
  56. Arisaema griffithii Schott – Nepal, Darjiling, Tibet
  57. Arisaema hainanense C.Y.Wu ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng – Hainan
  58. Arisaema handelii Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. – Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan
  59. Arisaema heterocephalum Koidz. – Kepulauan Ryukyu
  60. Arisaema heterophyllum – Korea, Jepun, China
  61. Arisaema hunanense Hand.-Mazz. – Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan
  62. Arisaema ilanense J.C.Wang – Taiwan
  63. Arisaema inclusum (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br. ex B.D.Jacks. – Jawa, Sumatera, Flores
  64. Arisaema intermedium Blume – Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, timur Himalaya
  65. Arisaema ishizuchiense Murata – Honshu, Shikoku
  66. Arisaema iyoanum Makino – Honshu, Shikoku
  67. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume – Afghanistan, utara Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalaya di India
  68. Arisaema jethompsonii Thiyagaraj & P.Daniel – Tamil Nadu
  69. Arisaema jingdongense H.Peng & H.Li – Yunnan
  70. Arisaema kawashimae Seriz – Kepulauan Ryukyu
  71. Arisaema kerrii Craib – Thailand
  72. Arisaema kishidae Makino ex Nakai – Honshu
  73. Arisaema kiushianum Makino – Honshu, Kyushu
  74. Arisaema kuratae Seriz – Honshu
  75. Arisaema lackneri Engl. – Yunnan, Myanmar
  76. Arisaema laminatum Blume – Borneo, Jawa, Bali, Sumatera, Semenanjung Malaysia, Borneo, Palawan
  77. Arisaema leschenaultii Blume – selatan India, Sri Lanka
  78. Arisaema lichiangense W.W.Sm. – Sichuan, Yunnan
  79. Arisaema lidaense J.Murata & S.K.Wu – Yunnan
  80. Arisaema lihenganum J.Murata & S.K.Wu – Guangxi
  81. Arisaema limbatum Nakai & F.Maek. – Jepun
  82. Arisaema linearifolium Gusman & J.T.Yin – Yunnan
  83. Arisaema lingyunense H.Li – Guangxi, Assam, Myanmar
  84. Arisaema lobatum Engl. – China
  85. Arisaema longipedunculatum M.Hotta – Jepun
  86. Arisaema longitubum Z.X.Ma. – China
  87. Arisaema macrospathum Benth. – Mexico
  88. Arisaema maekawae J.Murata & S.Kakish. – Honshu
  89. Arisaema mairei H.Lév. – Sichuan, Yunnan
  90. Arisaema maximowiczii (Engl.) Nakai – Kyushu
  91. Arisaema maxwellii Hett. & Gusman – Thailand
  92. Arisaema melanostomum Z.X. Ma, X. Yun Wang & W.Y. Du - China
  93. Arisaema melanostomum Z.X. Ma, X. Yun Wang & W.Y. Du – China
  94. Arisaema meleagris Buchet – Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan
  95. Arisaema menglaense Y.H.Ji, H.Li & Z.F.Xu – Guangxi
  96. Arisaema microspadix Engl. – Jawa, Timor
  97. Arisaema mildbraedii Engl. – Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
  98. Arisaema minamitanii Seriz – Kyushu
  99. Arisaema minus (Seriz.) J.Murata – Honshu
  100. Arisaema monophyllum Nakai – Honshu
  101. Arisaema mooneyanum M.G.Gilbert & Mayo – Ethiopia
  102. Arisaema muratae Gusman & J.T.Yin – Yunnan
  103. Arisaema muricaudatum Sivad. – Kerala
  104. Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. – Maharashtra
  105. Arisaema nagiense Tom.Kobay., K.Sasam. & J.Murata – Honshu
  106. Arisaema nambae Kitam. – Honshu
  107. Arisaema negishii Makino – kepulauan Hachijo dan Miyake di Jepun
  108. Arisaema nepenthoides (Wall.) Mart. – Nepal, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
  109. Arisaema nikoense Nakai – Honshu
  110. Arisaema nilamburense Sivad. – Kerala
  111. Arisaema odoratum J.Murata & S.K.Wu – Yunnan
  112. Arisaema ogatae Koidz. – Kyushu
  113. Arisaema omkoiense Gusman – Thailand
  114. Arisaema ornatum Miq. – Sumatera
  115. Arisaema ovale Nakai – Jepun
  116. Arisaema pachystachyum Hett. & Gusman – Thailand
  117. Arisaema pallidum Engl. – Sumatera
  118. Arisaema parisifolia J.Murata – Laos, Vietnam
  119. Arisaema parvum N.E.Br. ex Hemsl. – Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
  120. Arisaema pattaniense Gagnep. – Thailand
  121. Arisaema penicillatum N.E.Br. – Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan
  122. Arisaema petelotii K.Krause – Yunnan, Vietnam
  123. Arisaema petiolulatum Hook.f. – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Myanmar, Yunnan
  124. Arisaema pianmaense H.Li – Yunnan
  125. Arisaema pingbianense H.Li – Yunnan, Vietnam
  126. Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr. – Filipina, Sulawesi
  127. Arisaema prazeri Hook.f. – Yunnan, Thailand, Myanmar
  128. Arisaema propinquum Schott – Himalaya (Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, India)
  129. Arisaema psittacus E.Barnes – Kerala
  130. Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash - timur Kanada, timur Amerika Syarikat
  131. Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott – Tenggara Amerika Syarikat
  132. Arisaema quinquelobatum H.Li & J.Murata – Yunnan
  133. Arisaema ramulosum Alderw. – Jawa, Timor
  134. Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott – Korea, Japan, Kepulauan Ryukyu, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Zhejiang
  135. Arisaema rostratum V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce – Vietnam
  136. Arisaema roxburghii Kunth – Assam, Indochina
  137. Arisaema rubrirhizomatum H.Li & J.Murata – Yunnan
  138. Arisaema ruwenzoricum N.E.Br. – Zaire, Uganda, Burundi
  139. Arisaema sachalinense (Miyabe & Kudô) J.Murata – Sakhalin di Russia, Hokkaido di Jepun
  140. Arisaema saddlepeakense P.S.N.Rao & S.K.Srivast – kepulauan Andaman
  141. Arisaema sarracenioides E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. – Kerala
  142. Arisaema saxatile Buchet – Sichuan, Yunnan
  143. Arisaema sazensoo (Blume) Makino – Kyushu
  144. Arisaema schimperianum Schott – Zaire, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda
  145. Arisaema scortechinii Hook.f – Semenanjung Malaysia
  146. Arisaema seppikoense Kitam. – Honshu
  147. Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott – Primorye, Korea, kepulauan Kuril, Japan, timur laut China
  148. Arisaema setosum A.Sudh.Rao & D.M.Verma – Arunachal Pradesh
  149. Arisaema siamicum Gagnep. – Thailand, Vietnam
  150. Arisaema siangense Gusman – Arunachal Pradesh
  151. Arisaema sikokianum Franch. & Sav. – Shikoku
  152. Arisaema silvestrii Pamp. – China
  153. Arisaema sinii K.Krause – China
  154. Arisaema sizemoreae Hett. & Gusman – Thailand
  155. Arisaema smitinandii S.Y.Hu – Thailand
  156. Arisaema somalense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo – Somalia
  157. Arisaema souliei Buchet – Sichuan, Chongqing
  158. Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. – bakung tedung – Tibet, Nepal, Assam, Bhutan
  159. Arisaema stewardsonii Britton - timur Kanada, timur Amerika Syarikat
  160. Arisaema sukotaiense Gagnep. – Yunnan, Thailand
  161. Arisaema taiwanense J.Murata – Taiwan
  162. Arisaema tengtsungense H.Li – Yunnan, Myanmar
  163. Arisaema ternatipartitum Makino – Jepun
  164. Arisaema thunbergii Blume – Jepun, Korea, Taiwan
  165. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott – India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Himalaya, Nepal, Assam, Pakistan, Tibet, Yunnan, Myanmar
  166. Arisaema tosaense Makino – Jepun
  167. Arisaema translucens C.E.C.Fisch – Tamil Nadu di India
  168. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher – Canada, Amerika Syarikat
  169. Arisaema tsangpoense J.T.Yin & Gusman – Tibet
  170. Arisaema tuberculatum C.E.C.Fisch. – Tamil Nadu di India
  171. Arisaema ulugurense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo – Gunung Uluguru Tanzania
  172. Arisaema umbrinum Ridl. – Borneo
  173. Arisaema undulatifolium Nakai – Honshu dan Shikoku di Japan
  174. Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott – Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalaya di India dan Pakistan
  175. Arisaema vexillatum H.Hara & H.Ohashi – Tibet, Nepal
  176. Arisaema victoriae V.D.Nguyen – Yunnan, Guangxi, Vietnam
  177. Arisaema wangmoense M.T.An, H.H.Zhang & Q.Lin – Guizhou
  178. Arisaema wardii C.Marquand & Airy Shaw – Qinghai, Shanxi, Yunnan, Tibet
  179. Arisaema wattii J. D. Hook. – Assam, Myanmar, Tibet, Yunnan
  180. Arisaema wilsonii Engl. – Tibet, Bhutan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan
  181. Arisaema wrayi Hemsl. – Thailand, Sabah, Malaysia
  182. Arisaema xuanweiense H.Li – Yunnan
  183. Arisaema yamatense (Nakai) Nakai – Honshu
  184. Arisaema yanxianum Z.Y.Zhu & B.Q.Min – Sichuan
  185. Arisaema yunnanense Buchet – Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
  186. Arisaema zhui H.Li – Yunnan

Lihat juga

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Rujukan

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  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
  4. ^ Wilkinson, Richard James (1932). "lekir". A Malay-English dictionary (romanised). II. Mytilini, Yunani: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. m/s. 36 – melalui TROVE, Perpustakaan Negara Australia.
  5. ^ Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany, 90 (12): 1729–35, doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729, PMID 21653349
  6. ^ Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004), "A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa", American Journal of Botany, 91 (6): 881–8, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.881, PMID 21653444

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