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Amfetamina

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Amfetamina
INN: Amfetamine
Imej sebatian amfetamina
Imej 3D sebatian D-amfetamina
Data klinikal
Nama dagangEvekeo, Adderall,[note 1] others
Nama lainα-metilfenetilamina
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa616004
Data lesen
Liabiliti
penggantungan		Sederhana[1]
Liabiliti
ketagihan		Sederhana
Kaedah
pemberian		Perubatan: Mulut, intravena[2]
Rekreasi: Mulut, insuflasi, rektum, intravena, intraotot
Kelas ubatStimulan CNS, penahan selera makan
Kod ATC
Status perundangan
Status perundangan
Data farmakokinetik
BioketersediaanMulut: 75–100%[3]
Pengikatan protein20%[4]
MetabolismeCYP2D6,[5] DBH,[13][14] FMO3[13][15][16]
Metabolit4-hidroksiamfetamina, 4-hidroksinorefedrina, 4-hidroksifenilaseton, asid benzoik, asid hipurik, norefedrina, fenilaseton[5][6]
Mula masa tindakDos pelepasan segera: 30 – 60 minit[7]
Dos pelepasan lama: 1.5 – 2 jam[8][9]
Penyingkiran separuh hayatD-amf: 9–11 jam[5][10]
L-amf: 11–14 jam[5][10]
Bergantung pH: 7 – 34 jam[11]
Tempoh tindakDos pelepasan segera: 3 – 6 jam[1][8][12]
Dos pelepasan lama: 8 – 12 jam[1][8][12]
PerkumuhanUtamanya buah pinggang;
bergantungan pH julat: 1–75%[5]
Pengecam
  • (RS)-1-fenilpropan-2-amina
Nombor CAS
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.005.543 Sunting ini di Wikidata
Data kimia dan fizikal
FormulaC9H13N
Jisim molar135.21 g·mol−1
Model 3D (JSmol)
KekiralanCampuran rasemik[17]
Ketumpatan.936 g/cm3 25 °C[18]
Takat lebur146 °C (295 °F) [19]
Takat didih203 °C (397 °F) 760 mmHg[20]
  • NC(C)Cc1ccccc1
  • InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3 ☑Y
  • Key:KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ☑Y
  (verify)

Amfetamina ialah dadah sintetik yang dihasilkan sebagai pembantut selera. Hari ini, amfetamina diterima secara rasmi sebagai rawatan narkolepsi dan gangguan kurang daya tumpuan dan hiperaktif (ADHD).

Nota

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Adderall dan produk garam amfetamina campuran lain seperti Mydayis bukan amfetamina bersifat rasemik – ia merupakan campuran rasemik separuh-separuh dan dekstroamfetamina.

Rujukan

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ a b c Stahl SM (March 2017). "Amphetamine (D,L)". Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology (ed. 6th). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 45–51. ISBN 9781108228749. Dicapai pada 5 August 2017.
  2. ^ Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642. The intravenous use of d-amphetamine and other stimulants still pose major safety risks to the individuals indulging in this practice. Some of this intravenous abuse is derived from the diversion of ampoules of d-amphetamine, which are still occasionally prescribed in the UK for the control of severe narcolepsy and other disorders of excessive sedation. ... For these reasons, observations of dependence and abuse of prescription d-amphetamine are rare in clinical practice, and this stimulant can even be prescribed to people with a history of drug abuse provided certain controls, such as daily pick-ups of prescriptions, are put in place (Jasinski and Krishnan, 2009b).
  3. ^ Templat:Cite DrugBank
  4. ^ Templat:Cite DrugBank
  5. ^ a b c d e Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama FDA Pharmacokinetics
  6. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Metabolites
  7. ^ "Pharmacology". amphetamine/dextroamphetamine. Medscape. WebMD. Dicapai pada 21 January 2016. Onset of action: 30–60 min
  8. ^ a b c Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". Dalam Millichap JG (penyunting). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD (ed. 2nd). New York: Springer. m/s. 112. ISBN 9781441913968.
    Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication
    Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ...
    Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h]
    Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ...
    Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h]
    Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h]
  9. ^ Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL (September 2008). "Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Postgraduate Medicine. 120 (3): 69–88. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909. PMID 18824827. S2CID 31791162.
  10. ^ a b "Adderall- dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate tablet". DailyMed. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. 8 November 2019. Dicapai pada 22 December 2019.
  11. ^ "Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics". Amphetamine. United States National Library of Medicine – Toxicology Data Network. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 October 2017. Dicapai pada 2 October 2017. Duration of effect varies depending on agent and urine pH. Excretion is enhanced in more acidic urine. Half-life is 7 to 34 hours and is, in part, dependent on urine pH (half-life is longer with alkaline urine). ... Amphetamines are distributed into most body tissues with high concentrations occurring in the brain and CSF. Amphetamine appears in the urine within about 3 hours following oral administration. ... Three days after a dose of (+ or -)-amphetamine, human subjects had excreted 91% of the (14)C in the urine
  12. ^ a b Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–752. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655.
  13. ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Substituted amphetamines, FMO, and DBH
  14. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama DBH amph primary
  15. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama FMO
  16. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama FMO3-Primary
  17. ^ Yoshida T (1997). "Chapter 1: Use and Misuse of Amphetamines: An International Overview". Dalam Klee H (penyunting). Amphetamine Misuse: International Perspectives on Current Trends. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers. m/s. 2. ISBN 9789057020810. Amphetamine, in the singular form, properly applies to the racemate of 2-amino-1-phenylpropane. ... In its broadest context, however, the term [amphetamines] can even embrace a large number of structurally and pharmacologically related substances.
  18. ^ "Density". Amphetamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. 5 November 2016. Dicapai pada 9 November 2016.
  19. ^ "Amphetamine". CAS Common Chemistry. American Chemical Society. Dicapai pada 25 October 2022.
  20. ^ "Chemical and Physical Properties". Amphetamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. Dicapai pada 13 October 2013.
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