Serangan antraks 2001
| Serangan antraks 2001 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lokasi | |
| Tarikh | 18 September 2001 – 12 Oktober 2001 |
| Sasaran | Senator A.S., tokoh media |
Jenis serangan | Biopengganas |
| Senjata | Bakteria antraks |
| Kematian | 5 |
| Tercedera | 17 |
| Mangsa | Bob Stevens, Thomas Morris Jr., Joseph Curseen, Kathy Nguyen, Ottilie Lundgren (semua terbunuh) |
| Tertuduh | Bruce Edwards Ivins Steven Hatfill (dibebaskan) Al-Qaeda |
sunting · sunting di Wikidata | |
Serangan antraks 2001, juga dikenali sebagai Amerithrax (campuran "Amerika" dan "antraks", daripada nama kes FBI) [1] berlaku di Amerika Syarikat selama beberapa minggu bermula pada 18 September 2001, seminggu selepas serangan pengganas 11 September. Surat yang mengandungi spora antraks telah dihantar ke beberapa pejabat media berita dan kepada Senator Demokrat Tom Daschle dan Patrick Leahy, membunuh lima orang dan menjangkiti 17 yang lain. Menurut FBI, penyiasatan berikutnya menjadi "salah satu yang terbesar dan paling kompleks dalam sejarah penguatkuasaan undang-undang".[2]
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "AMERITHRAX INVESTIGATIVE SUMMARY" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Dicapai pada 7 September 2019.
- ^ Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation Diarkibkan November 27, 2016, di Wayback Machine, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]Buku
Sumber dalam senarai ini:
- Decker, R. Scott (2018-03-19). Recounting the anthrax attacks: terror, the Amerithrax Task Force, and the evolution of forensics in the FBI. ISBN 9781538101490. OCLC 1002117262.
- Coen, B; Nadler E (2009). Dead Silence – Fear and Terror on the Anthrax Trail. Counterpoint Press. ISBN 978-1-58243-509-1.
- Cole, LA (2009). The Anthrax Letters, A Bioterrorism Expert Investigates the Attacks That Shocked America—Case Closed?. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-715-6.
- Graysmith, R (2003). Amerithrax: The Hunt for the Anthrax Killer. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-19190-3.
- Sarasin, P (2006). Anthrax: Bioterror as Fact and Fantasy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02346-8. Dicapai pada September 27, 2011.
- Thompson, MW (2003). The Killer Strain, Anthrax and a Government Exposed. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-052278-0.
- Willman, David (2011). The Mirage Man: Bruce Ivins, the Anthrax Attacks, and America's Rush to War. Bantam Books.
Rencana
- Rasko, D. A.; Worsham, P. L.; Abshire, T. G.; Stanley, S. T.; Bannan, J. D.; Wilson, M. R.; Langham, R. J.; Decker, R. S.; Jiang, L.; Read, T. D.; Phillippy, A. M.; Salzberg, S. L.; Pop, M.; Van Ert, M. N.; Kenefic, L. J.; Keim, P. S.; Fraser-Liggett, C. M.; Ravel, J. (2011). "Bacillus anthracis comparative genome analysis in support of the Amerithrax investigation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5027–5032. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.5027R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016657108. PMC 3064363. PMID 21383169.
- Matsumoto, Gary (November 28, 2003). "Anthrax Powder — State of the Art?". Science. 302 (5650): 1492–7. doi:10.1126/science.302.5650.1492. PMID 14645823. S2CID 107181133.
- Freed, D (May 1, 2010). "The Wrong Man". The Atlantic. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 13, 2011. Dicapai pada March 29, 2011.
- Kournikakis, B.; Armour, S. J.; Boulet, C. A.; Spence, M.; Parsons, B. (September 2001). Risk assessment of anthrax threat letters (PDF) (Laporan). Defence Research Establishment Suffield. DRES-TR-2001-048. Dicapai pada April 9, 2014.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- 'Amerithrax' investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Investigation files
- Public briefing of the United States National Research Council Review of Science in FBI's Anthrax Case (2011-02-15)
- Louie Gohmert (May 15, 2018), THE HISTORY OF ROBERT MUELLER, House speech in Congressional Record on FBI handling of anthrax investigation, etc.
- Timeline and discussion of attacks by the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Epidemiology
- Dr. Steven Hatfill lawsuits:
- Julie Hilden (Sep. 16, 2002), "Should Possible Anthrax Suspect Steven Hatfill, Who Maintains His Innocence, Use Libel Suits To Get More Information About The Claims Against Him?", FindLaw commentary
- Filing by Steven Hatfill for Hatfill v. Ashcroft (bad link)
- "Steven J. Hatfill v. The New York Times Company, and Nicholas Kristof, 416 F.3d 320" Filing, CourtListener.com
- Kristof columns cited in Hatfill v. Times lawsuit:
- Nicholas Kristof (Jan. 4, 2002), "Profile of A Killer", The New York Times
- Nicholas Kristof (May 24, 2002), "Connecting Deadly Dots", The New York Times
- Nicholas Kristof (July 2, 2002), "Anthrax? The F.B.I. Yawns", The New York Times
- Nicholas Kristof (July 12, 2002), "The Anthrax Files", The New York Times
- Nicholas Kristof (July 19, 2002), "Case of the Missing Anthrax", The New York Times
- Nicholas Kristof (Aug. 13, 2002), "The Anthrax Files", The New York Times
- Suspect powder in The New York Times newsroom:
- Editors' note (Oct. 13, 2001), "To Our Readers", The New York Times
- David Barstow (Oct. 13, 2001), "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE INCIDENTS; Anthrax Found in NBC News Aide", The New York Times
- Judith Miller (Oct. 14, 2001), "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE LETTER; Fear Hits Newsroom In a Cloud of Powder, The New York Times
- Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg, and William Broad (November 2001), "Future Germ Defenses" web page for "Bioterror" episode of Nova first aired on PBS on November 13, 2001, shortly after anthrax attacks and publication of Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War