Purdah

Purdah atau pardah (dari bahasa Persia: پرده, bermakna "tirai") adalah pengamalan keagamaan dan sosial yang mengharuskan pemisahan perempuan dari para lelaki di tempat awam yang dilakukan oleh beberapa komuniti Muslim dan Hindu di Asia Selatan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Ada dua manifestasi purdah: pemisahan secara fizikal dari lawan jenis dan keharusan agar perempuan menutupi tubuhnya dari kepala hingga kaki. Perempuan yang mengamalkan purdah dipanggil pardanashin atau purdahnishan.

Amalan yang menyekat mobiliti dan tingkah laku wanita wujud dalam kalangan kumpulan agama di India sejak zaman purba dan diperhebatkan dengan kedatangan Islam.^[6] Menjelang abad ke-19, purdah menjadi adat dalam kalangan elit Hindu.^[6] Purdah tidak dipatuhi secara tradisi oleh wanita kelas bawah.^[7]

Pemisahan secara fizikal perempuan dari lelaki dalam pertemuan atau perhelatan di tempat umum dilakukan dengan menggunakan tembok, tirai, dan layar pemisah. Perempuan yang menolak menjalankan purdah biasanya mengalami penolakan ketika melakukan kegiatan peribadi, sosial dan ekonomi di luar rumah. Busana purdah yang lazim dipakai adalah burqa, yang mungkin atau tidak merangkumi yashmak, iaitu cadar yang menutupi wajah dengan bagian terbuka di bahagian mata atau tidak.

Purdah diwajibkan di Afghanistan pada saat Taliban memerintah, di mana kaum perempuan diharuskan mematuhi ketentuan purdah sepanjang waktu pada saat mereka sedang berada di tempat awam. Hanya anggota keluarga lelaki dekat saja dan perempuan lain yang diperbolehkan melihat perempuan di luar purdah. Dalam masyarakat lainnya, purdah sering kali hanya dipraktikkan saat berlangsungnya kegiatan keagamaan tertentu.

Wanita Hindu yang berkahwin di sebagian India Utara melakukan purdah, dengan beberapa wanita mengenakan penutup wajah untuk menghindari hubungan dengan lelaki yang lebih tua di pihak suaminya;^[8] beberapa wanita Muslim melakukan purdah melalui pemakaian burqa.^[9] Dupatta adalah cadar yang dipakai baik oleh wanita Muslim maupun Hindu, sering kali saat memasuki tempat ibadah. Kebiasaan ini tidak diikuti oleh wanita Hindi di tempat lainnya di India.

Rujukan

^ Wilkinson-Weber, Clare M. (25 March 1999). Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry (dalam bahasa English). SUNY Press. m/s. 74. ISBN 9780791440889. Dicapai pada 25 April 2017. Purdah regulates the interactions of women with certain kinds of men. Typically, Hindu women must avoid specific male affines (in-laws) and Muslim women are restricted from contact with men outside the family, or at least their contact with these men is highly circumscribed (Papanek 1982:3). In practice, many elements of both "Hindu" and "Muslim" purdah are shared by women of both groups in South Asia (Vatuk 1982; Jeffery 1979), and Hindu and Muslim women both adopt similar strategies of self-effacement, like covering the face, keeping silent, and looking down, when in the company of persons to be avoided.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "Purdah" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 May 2008. purdah, also spelled Pardah, Hindi Parda (“screen,” or “veil”), practice that was inaugurated by Muslims and later adopted by various Hindus, especially in India, and that involves the seclusion of women from public observation by means of concealing clothing (including the veil) and by the use of high-walled enclosures, screens, and curtains within the home.
^ Raheja, Gloria Goodwin; Gold, Ann Grodzins (29 April 1994). Listen to the Heron's Words: Reimagining Gender and Kinship in North India (dalam bahasa Inggeris). University of California Press. m/s. 168. ISBN 978-0-520-08371-4. The literal meaning of "purdah" is, as already noted, "a curtain." In rural Rajasthan for a woman to observe purdah (in Hindi, pardā rakhnā, "to keep purdah"; pardā karnā, "to do purdah") usually includes these behavioral components, adhered to with highly varying degrees of strictness: in her marital village she doesn't leave the house, and she veils her face in front of all strangers and certain categories of male kin.
^ Strulik, Stefanie (2014). Politics Embedded: Women's Quota and Local Democracy. Negotiating Gender Relations in North India (dalam bahasa Inggeris). LIT Verlag Münster. m/s. 50. ISBN 978-3-643-80163-0. Purdah in Urdu literally means "curtain". Today, in Hindi it is used for both: in the literal sense for curtain and to refer to a system of seclusion and concealment of the body in the name of "respect" towards (male) elder (fictive and blood-related) family members and is construed as fundamental to maintaining family "honour".
^ Doane, Mary Ann (18 October 2021). Bigger Than Life: The Close-Up and Scale in the Cinema (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Duke University Press. m/s. 51. ISBN 978-1-4780-2178-0. In this respect, it is very interesting to note that the term "purdah," designating the veil worn over a woman's face in certain Islamic societies, is derived from the Hindi and Urdu "parda," meaning "screen," "curtain," or "veil."
^ ^a ^b Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Walsh2006
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama misra
^ Gupta, Kamala (1 January 2003). Women In Hindu Social System (1206-1707 A.D.) (dalam bahasa English). Inter-India Publications. ISBN 9788121004145. Hindu ladies covered their head with a kind of veil known as Ghoonghat. |access-date= requires |url= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Sengupta, Jayita (1 January 2006). Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai (dalam bahasa English). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. m/s. 25. ISBN 9788126906291. |access-date= requires |url= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Bacaan lanjut

Bauman, Chad M. "Redeeming Indian" Christian" Womanhood?: Missionaries, Dalits, and Agency in Colonial India." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 24.2 (2008): 5-27.
Chowdhry, Prem. The veiled women: Shifting gender equations in rural Haryana, 1880-1990 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994)
Lamb, Sarah. White saris and sweet mangoes: Aging, gender, and body in North India (Univ of California Press, 2000)
Minturn, Leigh. Sita's daughters: Coming out of purdah: The Rajput women of Khalapur revisited (Oxford University Press, 1993)
Nanda, Bal Ram, ed. Indian Women: From Purdah to Modernity (Stosius Incorporated/Advent Books Division, 1990.)
Vyas, Sugandha Rawat, and Pradeep Kumar. "From Sultanate Period Till Date: An Estimate Of Role and Status of Muslim Women in India." Journal of Indian Research (2014) 2#3 pp: 9-14.

Historiografi

Johnson, Helen. "Purdah" in Eleanor B. Amico, ed., Readers Guide to Women's Studies (1998) pp 484–5

[Wilkinson-Weber1999-1] Wilkinson-Weber, Clare M. (25 March 1999). Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry (dalam bahasa English). SUNY Press. m/s. 74. ISBN 9780791440889. Dicapai pada 25 April 2017. Purdah regulates the interactions of women with certain kinds of men. Typically, Hindu women must avoid specific male affines (in-laws) and Muslim women are restricted from contact with men outside the family, or at least their contact with these men is highly circumscribed (Papanek 1982:3). In practice, many elements of both "Hindu" and "Muslim" purdah are shared by women of both groups in South Asia (Vatuk 1982; Jeffery 1979), and Hindu and Muslim women both adopt similar strategies of self-effacement, like covering the face, keeping silent, and looking down, when in the company of persons to be avoided.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[auto-2] "Purdah" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 May 2008. purdah, also spelled Pardah, Hindi Parda (“screen,” or “veil”), practice that was inaugurated by Muslims and later adopted by various Hindus, especially in India, and that involves the seclusion of women from public observation by means of concealing clothing (including the veil) and by the use of high-walled enclosures, screens, and curtains within the home.

[RahejaGold-3] Raheja, Gloria Goodwin; Gold, Ann Grodzins (29 April 1994). Listen to the Heron's Words: Reimagining Gender and Kinship in North India (dalam bahasa Inggeris). University of California Press. m/s. 168. ISBN 978-0-520-08371-4. The literal meaning of "purdah" is, as already noted, "a curtain." In rural Rajasthan for a woman to observe purdah (in Hindi, pardā rakhnā, "to keep purdah"; pardā karnā, "to do purdah") usually includes these behavioral components, adhered to with highly varying degrees of strictness: in her marital village she doesn't leave the house, and she veils her face in front of all strangers and certain categories of male kin.

[2014Strulik-4] Strulik, Stefanie (2014). Politics Embedded: Women's Quota and Local Democracy. Negotiating Gender Relations in North India (dalam bahasa Inggeris). LIT Verlag Münster. m/s. 50. ISBN 978-3-643-80163-0. Purdah in Urdu literally means "curtain". Today, in Hindi it is used for both: in the literal sense for curtain and to refer to a system of seclusion and concealment of the body in the name of "respect" towards (male) elder (fictive and blood-related) family members and is construed as fundamental to maintaining family "honour".

[Doane2021-5] Doane, Mary Ann (18 October 2021). Bigger Than Life: The Close-Up and Scale in the Cinema (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Duke University Press. m/s. 51. ISBN 978-1-4780-2178-0. In this respect, it is very interesting to note that the term "purdah," designating the veil worn over a woman's face in certain Islamic societies, is derived from the Hindi and Urdu "parda," meaning "screen," "curtain," or "veil."

[Walsh2006-6] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Walsh2006

[misra-7] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama misra

[Gupta2003-8] Gupta, Kamala (1 January 2003). Women In Hindu Social System (1206-1707 A.D.) (dalam bahasa English). Inter-India Publications. ISBN 9788121004145. Hindu ladies covered their head with a kind of veil known as Ghoonghat. |access-date= requires |url= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[Sengupta2006-9] Sengupta, Jayita (1 January 2006). Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai (dalam bahasa English). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. m/s. 25. ISBN 9788126906291. |access-date= requires |url= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

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