Pengguna:BukanTeamBiasa/Kotak pasir/Darug
Templat:Use Australian English
| Darug people | |
|---|---|
| aka Dharug, Dharruk, Dharrook, Darrook, Dharung, Broken Bay tribe[1] | |
 Sydney Basin bioregion | |
| Hierarchy | |
| Language family: | Pama–Nyungan |
| Language branch: | Yuin–Kuric |
| Language group: | Dharug |
| Group dialects: | Dharuk, Gamaraygal, Iora |
| Area (approx. 6,000 sq. km) | |
| Bioregion: |
|
| Location: | Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates: | 33°35′S 150°35′E / 33.583°S 150.583°EKoordinat: 33°35′S 150°35′E / 33.583°S 150.583°E[1] |
| Mountains: | Blue Mountains |
| Rivers: | Cooks, Georges, Hawkesbury, Lane Cove, Nepean, Parramatta |
| Notable individuals | |
| Anthony Fernando | |
The Darug or Dharug people are an Aboriginal Australian people, who share strong ties of kinship and, in pre-colonial times, survived as skilled hunters in family groups or clans, scattered throughout much of what is modern-day Sydney.
The Darug, originally a Western Sydney people, were bounded by the Kuringgai to the northeast around Broken Bay, the Darkinjung to the north, the Wiradjuri to the west on the eastern fringe of the Blue Mountains, the Gandangara to the southwest in the Southern Highlands, the Eora to the east[2] and the Tharawal to the southeast in the Illawarra area.
Darug language
[sunting | sunting sumber]The Dharug language, now largely extinct, is generally considered one of two dialects, the other being the language spoken by the neighbouring Eora, constituting a single language.[3][4] The word myall, a pejorative word in Australian dialect denoting any Aboriginal person who kept up a traditional way of life,[5] originally came from the Dharug language term mayal, which denoted any person hailing from another tribe.[6]
Country
[sunting | sunting sumber]Norman Tindale reckoned Darug lands as encompassing 2,300 batu persegi (6,000 km2), taking in the mouth of the Hawkesbury River, and running inland as far as Mount Victoria. It took in the areas around Campbelltown, Liverpool, Camden, Penrith and Windsor.[1]
Social organisation
[sunting | sunting sumber]Traditionally, there was a cultural divide between the western Darug and the Eora, whom they call the coastal Darug, katungal or "sea people". They built canoes, and their diet was primarily seafood, including fish and shellfish from Sydney Harbour, Botany Bay and their associated rivers. The inland Darug were paiendra or "tomahawk people". They hunted kangaroos, emus and other land animals, and used stone axes more extensively.[7]
Clans
[sunting | sunting sumber]The Darug nation was divided up into a number of woodland clans who each tended to live in a certain geographic area. This geographic area would also house descendant clans. Each clan typically included 50 to 100 people. According to James Kohen, they numbered 15.
- (1) Bediagal
- (2) Bidjigal
- (3) Boolbainora
- (4) Burreberongal
- (5) Burramattagal
- (6) Cabragal
- (7) Cannemegal
- (8) Cattai
- (9) Gommerigal
- (10) Kurrajong
- (11) Mulgoa
- (12) Murringong
- (13) Tugagal[a]
- (14) Wandeandegal
- (15) Warrawarry[8]
History of contact
[sunting | sunting sumber]Smallpox, introduced in 1789 by the British settlers, wiped out up to 90% of the population in some areas.[9] They lived in the natural caves and overhangs in the sandstone of the Hawksbury region, although some did choose to make huts out of bark, sticks and branches.
Recent controversy
[sunting | sunting sumber]A strong centre of cultural attachment for the Darug people has been the "Blacks Town" (at the modern suburb of Colebee) in the Blacktown local government area (formerly Blacktown Shire). However, in September 2012 the Blacktown City Council decided to cease recognising the Darug tribe as the traditional owners of the area. The Council also passed a motion, opposed by some councillors, to begin a process to consider changing the name "Blacktown". An online petition was launched calling for the recognition of the Darug. According to one of the Liberal Councillors, Jess Diaz, "a consensus must be reached once and for all on who composed the traditional owners apart from the Darug people".[10]
Notable Darug people
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Anthony Fernando, early twentieth century activist
- Daniel Moowattin, third Australian Aboriginal person to visit England
- Marion Leane Smith, only Australian Aboriginal woman known to have served in the First World War
- Yarramundi A Boorooberongal clansman, whose daughter Maria Lock and grandson Colebee has a significant role in early assimilation history.
Alternative names
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Broken Bay tribe
- Dharruk, Dharrook, Dhar'rook, Darrook, Dharug
Source: Tindale 1974, halaman 193
See also
[sunting | sunting sumber]Notes
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Alternative spelling Toongagal, as per Parramatta River article.
Citations
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c Tindale 1974, m/s. 193.
- ^ Mossfield 2000, m/s. 157.
- ^ Dixon 2002, m/s. xxxv.
- ^ Troy 1992, m/s. 145.
- ^ Wilson & O'Brien 2003, m/s. 63, n.26.
- ^ Hughes 1989, m/s. 354.
- ^ Flynn 1997, m/s. 3.
- ^ Mossfield 2000, m/s. 158.
- ^ Petersen, Chen & Schlagenhauf-Lawlor 2017, m/s. 5.
- ^ Diaz 2012, m/s. 5.
Sources
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Diaz, Jess (1 November 2012). "A Liberal controlled City Council of Blacktown". Kalatas Australia.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
|volume=has extra text (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Flynn, Michael (Ogos 1997). "Holroyd history and the Silent Boundary Project" (PDF). Holroyd City Council.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hughes, Joan (1989). Australian words and their origins. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-53087-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mathews, R. H. (1897). "Burbung of the Darkinung tribes" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 10: 1–12.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mathews, R. H. (Januari 1898). "Initiation ceremonies of Australian tribes: Appendix Nguttan initiation ceremony". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 37 (157): 54–73. JSTOR 983694.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mathews, R. H. (1901). "Dharruk language and vocabulary". Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 35: 155–160.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mathews, R. H.; Everitt, Mary Martha (1900). "Organisation, language and initiation ceremonies of the aborigines of the south-east coast of New South Wales". Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 34: 262–281.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mossfield, Tony (2000). "Yooroang Gorang –Strong Place". Dalam Collins, Jock; Poynting, Scott (penyunting). The Other Sydney: Communities, Identities and Inequalities in Western Sydney. Common Ground. m/s. 151–180. ISBN 978-1-863-35017-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Petersen, Eskild; Chen, Lin Hwei; Schlagenhauf-Lawlor, Patricia (2017). Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide (ed. 2nd). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-08574-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Daruk (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Troy, Jakelin (1992). "The Sydney Language Notebooks and responses to language contact in early colonial NSW" (PDF). Australian Journal of Linguistics. 12 (1): 145–170.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Tuckerman, J. (1887). "The Hawkesbury River and Broken Bay" (PDF). Dalam Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (penyunting). The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. Volume 3. Melbourne: J. Ferres. m/s. 358–359.
|volume=has extra text (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Wilson, Bill; O'Brien, Justin (2003). ""To infuse an universal terror": a reappraisal of the Coniston killings" (PDF). Aboriginal History. 17: 59–78.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
External links
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bibliography of Darug people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- Darug clan names - website Our Black and White family. Lists different clan names from above, and says "Our language group is EORA". (Lists Wategora, among others.)