Kesan Coriolis
Dalam fizik, kesan Coriolis ialah pesongan objek bergerak apabila dilihat dalam kerangka rujukan berputar. Dalam kerangka rujukan dengan putaran ikut arah jam, pesongannya adalah ke kiri pergerakan bojek; dalam satu dengan putaran lawan arah jam, pesongannya adalah ke kanan. Sungguhpun pernah diakui oleh yang lain, ungkapan matematik untuk kesan Coriolis muncul pada sehelai kertas 1835 oleh ahli sains Perancis Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, berhubung dengan teori roda air. Pada awal abad ke-20, istilah kesan Coriolis mula digunakan berhubung dengan meteorologi.
Hukum pergerakan Newton menggambarkan pergerakan objek dalam kerangka rujukan inersia (tidak memecut). Apabila Hukum Newton dijelmakan menjadi kerangka rujuan berputar secara seragam, daya-daya Coriolis dan memusat muncul. Kedua-dua daya berperkadaran dengan jisim objek. Daya Coriolis bertindak terhadap kelajuan objek dalam kerangka berputar. Daya tambahan ini diistilahi daya inersia, daya rekaan atau pseudodaya.[1] Ini membenarkan penggunaan hukum Newton kepada sistem berputar. Ini merupakan faktor pembetulan yang tidak wujud dalam kerangka rujuan tidak memecut atau inersia.
Mungkin kerangka rujuan berputar yang paling kerap dihadapi ialah Bumi. Kesan Coriolis disebabkan oleh putaran Bumi dan inersia jisim yang mengalami kesan ini. Kerana Bumi melengkapkan hanya satu putaran per hari, kesan Coriolis adalah agak kecil, dan kesannya amnya boleh diperhatikan untuk pergerakan berlaku pada jarak besar dan jangka masa panjang, seperti pergerakan udara berskala besar di dalam atmosfera atau di dalam air di lautan. Pergerakan sedemikian dipaksa oleh permukaan Bumi, maka hanya komponen mendatar kesan Coriolis amnya adalah penting. Kesan ini menyebabkan objek bergerak di atas permukaan dipesong dalam arah ikut arah jam (dengan kaitan dengan arah perjalanan) di Hemisfera Utara dan dalam arah lawan arah jam di Hemisfera Selatan. Sebalik mengalir terus dari kawasan bertekanan tinggi ke kawasan bertekanan rendah, seperti yang berlaku dalam sistem tidak berputar, angin dan arus cenderung mengalir ke kanan arah ini di utara garisan khatulistiwa dan ke kiri arah ini di selatannya. Kesan ini bertanggungjawab untuk putaran siklon besar.
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Aliran sekunder
- Angin geostrof
- Daya emparan
- Daya empar (kerangka rujukan putaran)
- Daya memusat
- Daya memusat reaktif
- Dinamik (fizik)
- Gelombang Rossby khatulistiwa
- Giroskop
- Jangka aliran jisim
- Kinetik (fizik)
- Mekanik analisis
- Mekanik gunaan
- Mekanik klasik
- Mekanik pergerakan zarah satah
- Pergerakan membulat seragam
- Putaran Bumi
- Rumus Frenet–Serret
- Statik
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Bhatia, V.B. (1997). Classical Mechanics: With introduction to Nonlinear Oscillations and Chaos. Narosa Publishing House. m/s. 201. ISBN 81-7319-105-0.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]Fizik dan meteorologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Riccioli, G.B., 1651: Almagestum Novum, Bologna, pp. 425–427
(Original book [in Latin], scanned images of complete pages.) - Coriolis, G.G., 1832: Mémoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines. Journal de l'école Polytechnique, Vol 13, 268–302.
(Original article Diarkibkan 2007-03-04 di Wayback Machine [in French], PDF-file, 1.6 MB, scanned images of complete pages.) - Coriolis, G.G., 1835: Mémoire sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps. Journal de l'école Polytechnique, Vol 15, 142–154
(Original article Diarkibkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine [in French] PDF-file, 400 KB, scanned images of complete pages.) - Gill, AE Atmosphere-Ocean dynamics, Academic Press, 1982.
- Robert Ehrlich (1990). Turning the World Inside Out and 174 Other Simple Physics Demonstrations. Princeton University Press. m/s. Rolling a ball on a rotating turntable; p. 80 ff. ISBN 0-691-02395-6.
- Durran, D. R., 1993: Is the Coriolis force really responsible for the inertial oscillation?, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2179–2184; Corrigenda. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 261
- Durran, D. R., and S. K. Domonkos, 1996: An apparatus for demonstrating the inertial oscillation, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 557–559.
- Marion, Jerry B. 1970, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems, Academic Press.
- Persson, A., 1998 [1] Diarkibkan 2007-11-28 di Wayback Machine How do we Understand the Coriolis Force? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79, 1373–1385.
- Symon, Keith. 1971, Mechanics, Addison–Wesley
- Akira Kageyama & Mamoru Hyodo: Eulerian derivation of the Coriolis force
- James F. Price: A Coriolis tutorial Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (2003)
- McDONALD, James E.: "The Coriolis Effect," bullet: Everything that moves over the surface of the Earth -- water, air, animals, machines and projectiles -- sidles to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left, in the Southern, Scientific American, pp. 72-78, May 1952. Elementary, non-mathematical; but well written.
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Grattan-Guinness, I., Ed., 1994: Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences. Vols. I and II. Routledge, 1840 pp.
1997: The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences. Fontana, 817 pp. 710 pp. - Khrgian, A., 1970: Meteorology — A Historical Survey. Vol. 1. Keter Press, 387 pp.
- Kuhn, T. S., 1977: Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery. The Essential Tension, Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, University of Chicago Press, 66–104.
- Kutzbach, G., 1979: The Thermal Theory of Cyclones. A History of Meteorological Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 254 pp.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Kesan Coriolis |
- The definition of the Coriolis effect from the Glossary of Meteorology Diarkibkan 2011-07-09 di Wayback Machine
- The Coriolis Effect — a conflict between common sense and mathematics PDF-file. 20 pages. A general discussion by Anders Persson of various aspects of the coriolis effect, including Foucault's Pendulum and Taylor columns.
- Anders Persson The Coriolis Effect: Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885 History of Meteorology 2 (2005)
- 10 Coriolis Effect Videos and Games Diarkibkan 2017-08-24 di Wayback Machine- from the About.com Weather Page
- Coriolis Force – from ScienceWorld
- Coriolis Effect and Drains Diarkibkan 2007-09-20 di Wayback Machine An article from the NEWTON web site hosted by the Argonne National Laboratory.
- Catalog of Coriolis videos Diarkibkan 2008-06-07 di Wayback Machine
- Coriolis Effect: A graphical animation, a visual earth animation with precise explanation
- An introduction to fluid dynamics SPINLab Educational Film explains the Coriolis effect with the aid of lab experiments
- Do bathtubs drain counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere? Diarkibkan 2008-05-15 di Wayback Machine by Cecil Adams.
- Bad Coriolis. An article uncovering misinformation about the Coriolis effect. By Alistair B. Fraser, Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at Pennsylvania State University
- The Coriolis Effect: A (Fairly) Simple Explanation, an explanation for the layperson
- Observe an animation of the Coriolis effect over Earth's surface
- Animation clip showing scenes as viewed from both an inertial frame and a rotating frame of reference, visualizing the Coriolis and centrifugal forces.
- Vincent Mallette The Coriolis Force @ INWIT
- NASA notes
- Interactive Coriolis Fountain lets you control rotation speed, droplet speed and frame of reference to explore the Coriolis effect.
- Nigeianschoolsonline- The Coriolis Effect Diarkibkan 2013-11-05 di Wayback Machine