Gerakan anti-tembakau di Jerman Nazi
Gerakan anti-tembakau di Jerman Nazi merupakan gerakan anti-merokok pertama dalam sejarah moden. [1] Kempen ini dilakukan apabila para doktor di Jerman menjadi yang pertama mengesan hubungan antara tabiat merokok dengan kanser paru-paru. [2] Gerakan anti-tembakau telah meluas ke serata dunia pada awal abad ke-20, [3][4] namun sedikit yang berjaya. Walau bagaimanapun, kempen anti-tembakau yang dijalankan di Jerman ini menjadi gerakan paling berjaya apabila turut disokong oleh kerajaan Nazi setelah berkuasa [3] dan menjadi gerakan anti-merokok paling berkuasa di dunia pada tahun 1930-an dan awal 1940-an.[5] Kepimpinan Sosialis Kebangsaan mengutuk tabiat merokok[6] dan beberapa yang lain secara terangan mengkritik pengambilan tembakau.[5] Ketika pemerintahan Nazi, kajian mengenai merokok dan kesannya terhadap kesihatan rancak dijalankan [7] dan menjadi penyelidikan yang penting pada masa tersebut.[8] Antara faktor kejayaan kempen ini adalah Adolf Hitler yang secara peribadi tidak menggemari tembakau[9] dan polisi reproduktif Nazi.[10]
Kempen anti-tembakau Nazi termasuklah larangan merokok dalam tram, bas, dan kereta api bandar, [5] memperkenalkan pendidikan kesihatan,[11] mengurangkan pengambilan rokok di Wehrmacht, menganjurkan ceramah kesihatan kepada para tentera, dan menaikkan cukai tembakau. [5] Sosialis Kebangsaan juga memperkenalkan larangan pengiklanan tembakau dan merokok di kawasan awam, dan restoran dan kedai kopi yang dikawal selia.[5] Gerakan anti-tembakau tidak memberi kesan yang banyak dalam sejarah awal pemerintahan Nazi dan penggunaan tembakau meningkat di antara 1933 dan 1939, [12] namun merokok di kalangan anggota tentera menurun dari tahun 1939 sehingga 1945. [13] Sehingga akhir abad ke-20, tiada gerakan anti-merokok selepas perang yang dapat menyamai pengaruh kempen anti-merokok Nazi. [12]
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Szollosi-Janze 2001, halaman 15
- ^ Roffo, A. H. (January 8, 1940). "Krebserzeugende Tabakwirkung [Carcingogenic effects of tobacco]" (PDF) (dalam bahasa German). Berlin: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. Dicapai pada 2009-09-13.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ a b Richard Doll (June 1998), "Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective", Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 7 (2): 87–117, doi:10.1191/096228098668199908, PMID 9654637, dicapai pada 2008-06-01,
Societies were formed to discourage smoking at the beginning of the century in several countries, but they had little success except in Germany where they were officially supported by the government after the Nazis seized power. Efforts outside of Germany were hampered by the backlash against NAZI Germany who's anti-Semitic ideology alienated other European countries as well as most of the rest of the world.
- ^ Borio, Gene (1993–2003), Tobacco Timeline: The Twentieth Century 1900-1949--The Rise of the Cigarette, Tobacco.org, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 October 2008, dicapai pada 2008-11-15 Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - ^ a b c d e Robert N. Proctor (December 1996), "The anti-tobacco campaign of the Nazis: a little known aspect of public health in Germany, 1933-45", British Medical Journal, 313 (7070): 1450–3, doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1450, PMC 2352989, PMID 8973234, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 May 2008, dicapai pada 2008-06-01 Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - ^ Bynum et al. 2006, halaman 375
- ^ Proctor, Robert N. (1996), Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy, Dimensions, Anti-Defamation League, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 31 May 2008, dicapai pada 2008-06-01 Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(bantuan) - ^ Clark, Briggs & Cooke 2005, halaman 1373–74
- ^ Proctor 1999, halaman 219
- ^ George Davey Smith (December 2004), "Lifestyle, health, and health promotion in Nazi Germany", British Medical Journal, 329 (7480): 1424–5, doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1424, PMC 535959, PMID 15604167, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 24 July 2008, dicapai pada 2008-07-01 Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - ^ Gilman & Zhou 2004, halaman 328
- ^ a b Proctor 1999, halaman 228
- ^ Clark, Briggs & Cooke 2005, halaman 1374
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Berridge, Virginia (2007), Marketing Health: Smoking and the Discourse of Public Health in Britain, 1945-2000, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-926030-3.
- Bynum, William F.; Hardy, Anne; Jacyna, Stephen; Lawrence, Christopher; Tansey, E. M. (2006), The Western Medical Tradition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-47524-4.
- Clark, George Norman; Briggs, Asa; Cooke, A. M. (2005), A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925334-X.
- Coombs, W. Timothy; Holladay, Sherry J. (2006), It's Not Just PR: Public Relations in Society, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1-4051-4405-X.
- Daunton, Martin; Hilton, Matthew (2001), The Politics of Consumption: Material Culture and Citizenship in Europe and America, Berg Publishers, ISBN 1-85973-471-5.
- Gilman, Sander L.; Zhou, Xun (2004), Smoke: A Global History of Smoking, Reaktion Books, ISBN 1-86189-200-4.
- Guenther, Irene (2004), Nazi Chic?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich, Berg Publishers, ISBN 1-85973-400-6.
- Lee, P. N. (1975), Tobacco Consumption in Various Countries (ed. 4th), London: Tobacco Research Council.
- Meyer, Hubert (2005), The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division, Stackpole Books, ISBN 978-0-8117-3198-0.
- Proctor, Robert (1999), The Nazi War on Cancer, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-07051-2.
- Schaler, Jeffrey A. (2004), Szasz Under Fire: A Psychiatric Abolitionist Faces His Critics, Open Court Publishing, ISBN 0-8126-9568-2.
- Szollosi-Janze, Margit (2001), Science in the Third Reich, Berg Publishers, ISBN 1-85973-421-9.
- Tillman, Barrett (2004), Brassey's D-Day Encyclopedia: The Normandy Invasion A-Z, Potomac Books Inc., ISBN 1-57488-760-2.
- Uekoetter, Frank (2006), The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84819-9.
- Young, T. Kue (2005), Population Health: Concepts and Methods, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515854-7.
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bachinger, E; McKee, M (September 2007), "Tobacco policies in Austria during the Third Reich", The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11 (9): 1033–7, PMID 17705984
- Brooks, Alexander (19 January 1996), "Guest Column: Forward to the Past", The Daily Californian
- Doll, Richard (2001), "Commentary: Lung cancer and tobacco consumption", International Journal of Epidemiology, 30 (1): 30–31, doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.30
- Haustein, Knut-Olaf (2004), Fritz Lickint (1898-1960) – Ein Leben als Aufklärer über die Gefahren des Tabaks (PDF) (dalam bahasa German), Suchtmedizin in Forschung und Praxis Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Proctor, Robert N (1999), "Why did the Nazis have the world's most aggressive anti-cancer campaign?", Endeavour, 23 (2): 76–9, doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01209-0, PMID 10451929, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-04-16, dicapai pada 2017-05-17
- Proctor, Robert (1988), Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-74578-7
- R. Nicosia, Francis; Huener, Jonathan (2002), Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany, Berghahn Books, ISBN 1-57181-386-1