Ekspedisi Lewis dan Clark

Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat Lewis dan Clark (nyahkekaburan).

Jalan ekspedisi

Ekspedisi Lewis dan Clark dari 31 Ogos 1803 hingga 25 September 1806, juga dikenali sebagai Ekspedisi Kor Penemuan, ialah penjelajahan pertama merentasi bahagian barat Amerika Syarikat. Ia bermula di Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, menuju ke arah barat, dan merentasi Legeh Benua Amerika sebelum sampai di pantai Pasifik. Kor Penemuan merupakan kumpulan terpilih Tentera Darat A.S. dan sukarelawan orang awam di bawah kuasa pemerintahan Kapten Meriwether Lewis dan kawan rapatnya Leftenan Muda William Clark.

Presiden Thomas Jefferson memberi komisen ekspedisi ini tidak lama selepas Pembelian Louisiana pada tahun 1803 untuk menjelajah dan memetakan wilayah yang baru diperoleh, untuk mencari jalan yang praktik merentasi bahagian barat benua, dan mendirikan kehadiran Amerika Syarikat di wilayah ini sebelum Britain dan kuasa Eropah yang lain cuba menuntutnya. Matlamat tidak berapa penting kempen ini adalah bersifat saintifik dan ekonomi: mengkaji tumbuhan, kehidupan haiwan, dan geografi kawasan tersebut, dan mendirikan perdagangan dengan suku kaum Orang Asli Amerika tempatan. Ekspedisi ini kembali ke St. Louis untuk melaporkan dapatannya kepada Jefferson, dengan peta, lakaran, dan jurnal dalam tangan.

Lihat juga

• Perahu Lunas Lewis dan Clark
• Ekspedisi Red River (1806) dan Ekspedisi Pike juga diberi komisen oleh Jefferson
• Taman Negara Gateway Arch
• The Far Horizons, wayang ekspedisi
• York (penjelajah) – hamba di ekspedisi
• Lewis and Clark Pass (Montana) – satu-satunya laluan tidak bermotor di jalan ekspedisi

Bibliografi

• Allen, Paul (1902). History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol I. Toranto, George N. Morang & Co. Ltd.
• Allen, Paul (1902). History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol II. Toranto, George N. Morang & Co. Ltd.
• Allen, Paul (1902). History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol III. Toranto, George N. Morang & Co. Ltd.
• Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. Simon and Schuster, New York. m/s. 511. ISBN 9780684811079.
• Bennett, George D. (2002). The United States Army: Issues, Background and Bibliography. Nova Publishers. m/s. 229. ISBN 9781590333006.
• Bergon, Frank (1989). The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Penguin Classics, New York. ISBN 0142437360.
• Clark, Ella E.; Edmonds, Margot (1983). Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. University of California Press. m/s. 184. ISBN 9780520050600.
• Cutright, Paul Russell (2000). Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History. Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. m/s. 47. ISBN 9780967888705.
• DeVoto, Bernard Augustine (1997) [1953]. The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Houghton Mifflin Company. m/s. 504. ISBN 0-395-08380-X.
• DeVoto, Bernard Augustine (1998). The Course of Empire. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. m/s. 647. ISBN 9780395924983.
• Fenelon, James; Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise (1985). "Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Wicazo Sa Review. University of Minnesota Press. 19 (1): Wicazo Sa Review, 85–104. doi:10.1353/wic.2004.0006. JSTOR 1409488.
• Fresonke, Kris; Spence, Mark (2004). Lewis and Clark. University of California Press. m/s. 290. ISBN 9780520228399.
• Fritz, Harry W. (2004). The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 143. ISBN 978-0-313-31661-6.
• Furtwangler, Albert (1993). Acts of discovery: visions of America in the Lewis and Clark journals. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06306-0.
• Gass, Patrick; MacGregor, Carol Lynn (1807). The Journals of Patrick Gass: Member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Mountain Press Publishing. m/s. 447. ISBN 9780878423514.
• Gray, Edward (2004). "Visions of Another Empire: John Ledyard, an American Traveler across the Russian Empire, 1787–1788". Journal of the Early Republic. University of Pennsylvania Press. 24 (3): 347–380. JSTOR 4141438.
• Harris, Matthew L.; Buckley, Jay H. (2012). Zebulon Pike, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. University of Oklahoma Press, 256 pages. ISBN 9780806188317.
• Josephy, Alvin M., Jr.; Marc, Jaffe, penyunting (2006). Lewis and Clark Through Indian Eyes. Random House Digital, Inc. m/s. 196. ISBN 9781400042678.
• Jackson, Donald (1993) [1981]. Thomas Jefferson & the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2504-6.
• Kleber, John (2001). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. m/s. 509. ISBN 978-0-8131-2100-0.
• Lavender, David Sievert (2001). The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent. University of Nebraska Press. m/s. 444. ISBN 9780803280038.
• Loomis, Noel M; Nasatir, Abraham P (1967). Pedro Vial and the Roads to Santa Fe. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806111100.
• Miller, Robert J. Miller (2006). Native America, Discovered And Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, And Manifest Destiny. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 240. ISBN 9780275990114.
• Peters, Arthur K. (1996). Seven trail west. Abbeville Press. ISBN 1-55859-782-4.
• Saindon, Robert A. (2003). Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark, Volume 3. Digital Scanning Inc. m/s. 528. ISBN 9781582187655.
• Schwantes, Carlos (1996). The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history. University of Nebraska Press. m/s. 568. ISBN 978-0-8032-9228-4.
• Rodriguez, Junius (2002). The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California. m/s. 513. ISBN 978-1-57607-188-5.
• Ronda, James P. (1984). Lewis & Clark among the Indians. University of Nebraska Press. m/s. 310. ISBN 9780803289901.
• Uldrich, Jack (2004). Into the unknown: leadership lessons from Lewis & Clark's daring westward adventure. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. m/s. 245. ISBN 0-8144-0816-8.
• Woodger, Elin; Toropov, Brandon (2009). Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Infobase Publishing. m/s. 438. ISBN 978-0-8160-4781-9.

Sumber primer

• Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (2004). The Journals Of Lewis And Clark. Kessinger Publishing. m/s. 312. ISBN 9781419167997. E'books, Full view
• Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Floyd, Charles; Whitehouse, Joseph (1905). Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806, V.6. Dodd, Mead & Company, New York. m/s. 280.
• Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (2003). Bergon, Frank (penyunting). The Journals of Lewis & Clark. Penguin. m/s. 560. ISBN 9780142437360.
• Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (1815). Travels to the source of the Missouri river and across the American continent to the Pacific ocean. Performed by order of the government of the United States, in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806. By Captains Lewis and Clarke. Published from the official report, and illustrated by a map of the route, and other maps. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown.
  • "Review of Travels to the Source of the Missouri River ... ". The Quarterly Review. 12: 317–368. January 1815.
• Lewis, William; Clark, Clark (1903). Hosmer, James Kendall (penyunting). History of the Expedition of Captain Lewis and Clark, 1804-5-6, Volume 1. A. C. McClurg & Company, Chicago. m/s. 500.
• Coues, Elliott; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893). History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 1. Francis P. Harper, New York. m/s. 1364.
• Coues, Elliott; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893). History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 2. Francis P. Harper, New York. m/s. 1364.
• Coues, Elliott; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893). History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 3. Francis P. Harper, New York. m/s. 1298.
• Coues, Elliott; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893). History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 4. Francis P. Harper, New York. m/s. 1298.
• Jackson, Donald Dean (1962). Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: with related documents, 1783-1854. University of Illinois Press (Original from the University of Virginia). m/s. 728.
• Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (2004). Moulton, Gary E. (penyunting). The Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark. University of Nebraska Press. m/s. 357. ISBN 9780803280328.

Bacaan lanjut

Rencana utama: Bibliografi Ekspedisi Lewis dan Clark

• Steven E. Ambrose (1996). Undaunted Courage, Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. Simon and Schuster Paperbacks.
• Bassman, John H. (2009). A Navigation Companion for the Lewis & Clark Trail. Volume 1, History, camp locations and daily summaries of expedition activities. John H. Bassman.
• Betts, Robert B. (2002). In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark. ISBN 0-87081-714-0.
• Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether. The Journals of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1806.
• Burns, Ken (1997). Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery. ISBN 0-679-45450-0.
• Fenster, Julie M. (2016). Jefferson's America: The President, the Purchase, and the Explorers Who Transformed a Nation. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 978-0-3079-5654-5.
• Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery: British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon. Sasquatch Books. m/s. 208. ISBN 978-1570612152.
• Gen. Thomas James. Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans. ISBN 978-1985208711.
• Gilman, Carolyn (2003). Lewis and Clark: Across the Divide. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1588340993.
• Schmidt, Thomas (2002). National Geographic Guide to the Lewis & Clark Trail. ISBN 0-7922-6471-1.
• Tubbs, Stephenie Ambrose (2008). Why Sacagawea Deserves the Day Off and Other Lessons from the Lewis and Clark Trail. University of Nebraska Press.
• Wheeler, Olin Dunbar (1904). The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1904: A Story of the Great Exploration Across the Continent in 1804–6. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. m/s. 377.

Pautan luar

• Full text of the Lewis and Clark journals online – edited by Gary E. Moulton, University of Nebraska–Lincoln
• "National Archives photos dating from the 1860s–1890s of the Native cultures the expedition encountered". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada February 12, 2008.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
• "History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark: To the Sources of the Missouri, thence Across the Rocky Mountains and down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean" published in 1814; from the World Digital Library
• Lewis & Clark Fort Mandan Foundation: Discovering Lewis & Clark
• Corps of Discovery Online Atlas, created by Watzek Library, Lewis & Clark College