Crematogaster

Crematogaster; Julat zaman: Eosen-kini, 46–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Semut pekerja C. hespera
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Arthropoda
Kelas:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Keluarga:	Formicidae
Subkeluarga:	Myrmicinae
Tribus:	Crematogastrini
Genus:	Crematogaster; Lund, 1831
Diversiti
	> 420 spesies

Crematogaster ialah suatu genus semut yang rencam secara ekologi dan ditemukan di seluruh dunia, dicirikan oleh gaster (abdomen) yang berbentuk hati.^[2] Ahli genus ini dikenali sebagai semut tonggek^[3] lantaran tabiatnya yang menaikkan abdomen ketika merasa terganggu.^[4] Kebanyakan spesiesnya arboreal (tinggal di atas pokok). Ia turut dikenali sebagai ceperoh di Pahang.

Habitat

Semut tonggek ditemukan sama ada di luar atau di dalam rumah dengan kekerapan yang tinggi dalam kededua keadaan. Di luar, ia biasanya arboreal, tetapi turut ditemukan di kawasan umum di alam liar. Kawasan ini biasanya lembap dan selalunya gelap. Ia sering dijumpai di pokok, timbunan kayu (seperti kayu api) dan di bawah batu. Di dalam, sarangnya pernah ditemukan berhampiran wayar elektrik di dalam rumah. Lokasi ini selalunya sangat dekat dengan sumber makanan yang besar dan mungkin berhampiran dengan sarang semut lain.^{[perlu rujukan]}

Spesies

Lebih daripada 430 spesies telah dikenal pasti dalam genus Crematogaster :^[1]

C. abdominalis Motschoulsky, 1863
C. aberrans Forel, 1892
C. abrupta Mann, 1919
C. abstinens Forel, 1899
C. acaciae Forel, 1892
C. aculeata Donisthorpe, 1941
C. acuta Fabricius, 1804
C. adrepens Forel, 1897
C. aegyptiaca Mayr, 1862
C. affabilis Forel, 1907
C. afghanica Forel, 1967
C. africana Mayr, 1895
C. agnetis Forel, 1892
C. agniae Karavaiev, 1935
C. agnita Wheeler, 1934
C. aitkenii Forel, 1902
C. algirica Lucas, 1849
C. alluaudi Emery, 1893
C. aloysiisabaudiae Menozzi, 1930
C. alulai Emery, 1901
C. amabilis Santschi, 1911
C. amapaensis Kempf, 1960
C. ambigua Santschi, 1926
C. amita Forel, 1913
C. ampla Powell, 2014
C. ampullaris Smith, 1861
C. ancipitula Forel, 1917
C. angulosa Andre, 1896
C. angusticeps Santschi, 1911
C. antaris Forel, 1894
C. anthracina Smith, 1857
C. apicalis Motschoulsky, 1878
C. arata Emery, 1906
C. arcuata Forel, 1899
C. arizonensis Wheeler, 1908
C. armandi Forel, 1921
C. arnoldi Forel, 1914
C. aroensis Menozzi, 1935
C. arthurimuelleri Forel, 1894
C. ashmeadi Mayr, 1886
C. atitlanica Wheeler, 1936
C. atkinsoni Wheeler, 1919
C. atra Mayr, 1870
C. auberti Emery, 1869
C. augusti Emery, 1895
C. aurita Karavaiev, 1935
†C. aurora LaPolla & Greenwalt, 2015 ^[5]
C. australis Mayr, 1876
C. baduvi Forel, 1912
C. bakeri Menozzi, 1925
C. barbouri Weber, 1934
C. batesi Forel, 1911
C. bequaerti Forel, 1913
C. betapicalis Smith, 1995
C. bicolor Smith, 1860
C. biformis Andre, 1892
C. binghamii Forel, 1904
C. bingo Forel, 1908
C. biroi Mayr, 1897
C. bison Forel, 1913
C. boera Ruzsky, 1926
C. bogojawlenskii Ruzsky, 1905
C. boliviana Wheeler, 1922
C. borneensis Andre, 1896
C. brasiliensis Mayr, 1878
C. brevimandibularis Donisthorpe, 1943
C. brevis Emery, 1887
C. brevispinosa Mayr, 1870
C. breviventris Santschi, 1920
C. browni Buren, 1968
C. bruchi Forel, 1912
C. brunnea Smith, 1857
C. brunneipennis Andre, 1890
C. brunnescens Motschoulsky, 1863
C. buchneri Forel, 1894
C. buddhae Forel, 1902
C. butteli Forel, 1913
C. californica Wheeler, 1919
C. capensis Mayr, 1862
C. captiosa Forel, 1911
C. carinata Mayr, 1862
C. castanea Smith, 1858
C. censor Forel, 1910
C. cephalotes Smith, 1857
C. cerasi Fitch, 1855
C. chiarinii Emery, 1881
C. chlorotica Emery, 1899
C. chopardi Bernard, 1950
C. chungi Brown, 1949
C. cicatriculosa Roger, 1863
C. clariventris Mayr, 1895
C. clydia Forel, 1912
C. coarctata Mayr, 1870
C. coelestis Santschi, 1911
C. colei Buren, 1968
C. concava Emery, 1899
C. constructor Emery, 1895
C. coriaria Mayr, 1872
C. cornigera Forel, 1902
C. cornuta Crawley, 1924
C. corporaali Santschi, 1928
C. corticicola Mayr, 1887
C. corvina Mayr, 1870
C. crassicornis Emery, 1893
C. crinosa Mayr, 1862
C. cristata Santschi, 1929
C. curvispinosa Mayr, 1862
C. cuvierae Donisthorpe, 1945
C. cylindriceps Wheeler, 1927
C. dahlii Forel, 1901
C. daisyi Forel, 1901
C. dalyi Forel, 1902
C. decamera Forel, 1910
C. degeeri Forel, 1886
C. delagoensis Forel, 1894
C. delitescens Wheeler, 1921
C. dentinodis Forel, 1901
C. depilis Wheeler, 1919
C. depressa (Latreille, 1802)
C. descarpentriesi Santschi, 1928
C. descolei Kusnezov, 1949
C. desecta Forel, 1911
C. desperans Forel, 1914
C. detecta sp. nov. ^[6]
C. difformis Smith, 1857
C. diffusa (Jerdon, 1851)
C. dispar Forel, 1902
C. distans Mayr, 1870
C. dohrni Mayr, 1879
C. dolens Forel, 1910
C. donisthorpei Santschi, 1934
C. dorsidens Santschi, 1925
C. dubia Karavaiev, 1935
C. ebenina Forel, 1902
C. edentula Santschi, 1914
C. egidyi Forel, 1903
C. egregior Forel, 1912
C. elegans Smith, 1859
C. elysii Mann, 1919
C. emeryana Creighton, 1950
C. emeryi Forel, 1907
C. emmae Forel, 1891
C. enneamera Emery, 1900
C. ensifera Forel, 1910
C. erecta Mayr, 1866
C. esterelana (Bernard, 1978)
C. eurydice Forel, 1915
C. euterpe Santschi, 1922
C. evallans Forel, 1907
C. excisa Mayr, 1895
C. ferrarii Emery, 1888
C. flavicornis Emery, 1897
C. flavitarsis Emery, 1900
C. foraminiceps Santschi, 1913
C. formosa Mayr, 1870
C. foxi Mann, 1919
C. fraxatrix Forel, 1911
C. fritzi Emery, 1901
C. frivola Forel, 1902
C. fruhstorferi Emery, 1901
C. fuentei Menozzi, 1922
C. fulmeki Forel, 1922
C. fusca Mayr, 1876
C. gabonensis Emery, 1899
C. gallicola Forel, 1894
C. gambiensis Andre, 1889
C. gavapiga Menozzi, 1935
C. gerstaeckeri Dalla Torre, 1892
C. gibba Emery, 1894
C. gordani Karaman, M., 2008
C. gratiosa Santschi, 1926
C. grevei Forel, 1891
C. gutenbergi Santschi, 1914
C. heathi Mann, 1916
C. hemiceros Santschi, 1926
C. hespera Buren, 1968
C. hezaradjatica Pisarski, 1967
C. himalayana Forel, 1902
C. hogsoni Forel, 1902
C. homeri Forel, 1913
C. hottentota Emery, 1899
C. hova Forel, 1887
C. huberi Forel, 1907
C. iheringi Forel, 1908
C. ilgii Forel, 1910
C. impressa Emery, 1899
C. impressiceps Mayr, 1902
C. inca Wheeler, 1925
C. inconspicua Mayr, 1896
C. incorrecta Santschi, 1917
C. indefensa Kempf, 1968
C. inermis Mayr, 1862
C. inflata Smith, 1857
C. innocens Forel, 1911
C. inops Forel, 1892
C. insularis Smith, 1859
C. ionia Forel, 1911
C. iridipennis Smith, 1865
C. irritabilis Smith, 1860
C. isolata Buren, 1968
C. jacobsoni Forel, 1911
C. javanica Menozzi, 1935
C. jeanneli Santschi, 1914
C. jehovae Forel, 1907
C. jullieni Santschi, 1910
C. juventa Santschi, 1926
C. kachelibae Arnold, 1954
C. karawaiewi Menozzi, 1935
C. kasaiensis Forel, 1913
C. kelleri Forel, 1891
C. kirbii (Sykes, 1835)
C. kneri Mayr, 1862
C. kohli Forel, 1909
C. kutteri Viehmeyer, 1924
C. laboriosa Smith, 1874
C. laestrygon Emery, 1869
C. laeviceps Smith, 1858
C. laevis Mayr, 1878
C. laevissima Smith, 1860
C. laeviuscula Mayr, 1870
C. lamottei Bernard, 1953
C. lango Weber, 1943
C. larreae Buren, 1968
C. latuka Weber, 1943
C. laurenti Forel, 1909
C. ledouxi Soulie, 1961
C. libengensis Stitz, 1916
C. liengmei Forel, 1894
C. limata Smith, 1858
C. lineolata (Say, 1836)
C. litoralis Arnold, 1955
C. lobata Emery, 1895
C. longiceps Forel, 1910
C. longiclava Emery, 1893
C. longipilosa Forel, 1907
C. longispina Emery, 1890
C. lorteti Forel, 1910
C. lotti Weber, 1943
C. lucayana Wheeler, 1905
C. luctans Forel, 1907
C. lutzi Forel, 1905
C. macracantha Creighton, 1945
C. madagascariensis Andre, 1887
C. madecassa Emery, 1895
C. magitae Forel, 1910
C. magnifica Santschi, 1925
C. major Donisthorpe, 1941
C. manni Buren, 1968
C. margaritae Emery, 1895
C. marioni Buren, 1968
C. marthae Forel, 1892
C. matsumurai Forel, 1901
C. meijerei Emery, 1911
C. melanogaster Emery, 1895
C. menilekii Forel, 1894
C. mesonotalis Emery, 1911
C. microspina Menozzi, 1942
C. millardi Forel, 1902
C. mimicans Donisthorpe, 1932
C. mimosae Santschi, 1914
C. minutissima Mayr, 1870
C. misella Arnold, 1920
C. mjobergi Forel, 1915
C. modiglianii Emery, 1900
C. montenigrinus Karaman, M., 2008
C. montezumia Smith, 1858
C. monticola Arnold, 1920
C. moorei Donisthorpe, 1941
C. moqorensis Pisarski, 1967
C. mormonum Wheeler, 1919
C. mottazi Santschi, 1928
C. mucronata Emery, 1900
C. muralti Forel, 1910
C. mutans Buren, 1968
C. myops Forel, 1911
C. natalensis Forel, 1910
C. navajoa Buren, 1968
C. nesiotis Mann, 1919
C. neuvillei Forel, 1907
C. nigeriensis Santschi, 1914
C. nigrans Forel, 1915
C. nigriceps Emery, 1897
C. nigronitens Santschi, 1917
C. nigropilosa Mayr, 1870
C. nocturna Buren, 1968
C. oasium Santschi, 1911
C. obnigra Mann, 1919
C. obscura Smith, 1857
C. obscurior Dalla Torre, 1892
C. ochracea Mayr, 1862
C. ochraceiventris Stitz, 1916
C. onusta Stitz, 1925
C. opaca Mayr, 1870
C. opaciceps Mayr, 1901
C. opuntiae Buren, 1968
C. ornatipilis Wheeler, 1918
C. orobia Santschi, 1919
C. osakensis Forel, 1900
C. oscaris Forel, 1910
C. overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916
C. oxygynoides Santschi, 1934
C. painei Donisthorpe, 1945
C. pallida Lowne, 1865
C. pallipes Mayr, 1862
C. paolii Menozzi, 1930
C. paradoxa Emery, 1894
C. parallela Santschi, 1925
C. parapilosa sp. nov. ^[6]
C. patei Buren, 1968
C. pauciseta Emery, 1899
C. pauli Emery, 1901
C. pellens Walker, 1859
C. perelegans Forel, 1902
C. peringueyi Emery, 1895
C. peristerica Menozzi, 1925
C. perthensis Crawley, 1922
C. peruviana (Wheeler, 1922)
C. petiolidens Forel, 1916
C. phoenica Santschi, 1915
C. phoenix Santschi, 1921
C. pia Forel, 1911
C. pilosa Emery, 1895
C. pinicola Deyrup, 2007
C. polita Smith, 1865
C. politula Forel, 1902
C. polymnia Santschi, 1922
C. popohana Forel, 1912
C. praecursor Emery, 1891
C. pseudinermis Viehmeyer, 1923
C. pulchella Bernard, 1953
C. punctulata Emery, 1895
C. pusilla (Heer, 1850)
C. pygmaea Forel, 1904
C. pythia Forel, 1915
C. quadriformis Roger, 1863
C. quadrispinosa Roger, 1863
C. queenslandica Forel, 1902
C. ralumensis Forel, 1901
C. ranavalonae Forel, 1887
C. ransonneti Mayr, 1868
C. rasoherinae Forel, 1891
C. rectinota Forel, 1913
C. recurva Emery, 1897
C. resulcata Bolton, 1995
C. retifera Santschi, 1926
C. rifelna Buren, 1968
C. rivai Emery, 1897
C. rogenhoferi Mayr, 1879
C. rogeri Emery, 1922
C. rossi Buren, 1968
C. rothneyi Mayr, 1879
C. rudis Emery, 1894
C. rufa (Jerdon, 1851)
C. rufigena Arnold, 1958
C. rufotestacea Mayr, 1876
C. rugosa Andre, 1895
C. rugosior Santschi, 1910
C. ruspolii Forel, 1892
C. russoi Menozzi, 1930
C. rustica Santschi, 1935
C. sagei Forel, 1902
C. sanguinea Roger, 1863
C. santschii Forel, 1913
C. saussurei Forel, 1899
C. scapamaris Santschi, 1922
C. scelerata Santschi, 1917
C. schencki Forel, 1891
C. schimmeri Forel, 1912
C. schmidti (Mayr, 1853)
C. schultzei Forel, 1910
C. scita Forel, 1902
C. sculpturata Pergande, 1896
C. scutellaris (Olivier, 1792)
C. semperi Emery, 1893
C. senegalensis Roger, 1863
C. sewellii Forel, 1891
C. similis Stitz, 1911
C. simoni Emery, 1893
C. sjostedti (Mayr, 1907)
C. skounensis Soulie, 1961
C. solenopsides Emery, 1899
C. solers Forel, 1910
C. sordidula (Nylander, 1849)
C. sorokini Ruzsky, 1905
C. soror Forel, 1902
C. spengeli Forel, 1912
C. stadelmanni Mayr, 1895
C. steinheili Forel, 1881
C. stenocephala Emery, 1922
C. stethogompha Wheeler, 1919
C. stigmata Santschi, 1914
C. stollii Forel, 1885
C. striatula Emery, 1892
C. subcircularis Mayr, 1879
C. subdentata Mayr, 1877
C. subnuda Mayr, 1879
C. sumichrasti Mayr, 1870
C. tanakai Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009^[7]
C. tarsata Smith, 1865
C. terminalis (Shuckard, 1838)
C. tetracantha Emery, 1887
C. theta Forel, 1911
C. togoensis Donisthorpe, 1945
C. torosa Mayr, 1870
C. transiens Forel, 1913
C. transvaalensis Forel, 1894
C. trautweini Viehmeyer, 1914
C. travancorensis Forel, 1902
C. treubi Emery, 1896
C. tumidula Emery, 1900
C. udo Forel, 1905
C. unciata Santschi, 1925
C. ustiventris Menozzi, 1935
C. vandeli Soulie, 1961
C. vandermeermohri Menozzi, 1930
C. vermiculata Emery, 1895
C. vetusta sp. nov. ^[6]
C. victima Smith, 1858
C. vidua Santschi, 1928
C. vitalisi Menozzi, 1925
C. voeltzkowi Forel, 1907
C. vulcania Santschi, 1913
C. walshi Forel, 1902
C. warburgi Menozzi, 1933
C. wasmanni Santschi, 1910
C. weberi Emery, 1911
C. wellmani Forel, 1909
C. werneri Mayr, 1907
C. wheeleri Mann, 1919
C. whitei Wheeler, 1915
C. wilwerthi Santschi, 1910
C. wroughtonii Forel, 1902
C. xerophila Wheeler, 1915
C. yappi Forel, 1901
C. yamanei Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009^[7]
C. zavattarii Menozzi, 1926
C. zonacaciae Weber, 1943

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b "Crematogaster". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ Alex Wild (2007-07-21). "Crematogaster". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-08-06.
^ Arthur, Y. C. Chung; Maria, Ajik; Reuben, Nilus; Alexander, Hastie; Robert Ong; Chey, Vun Khen (2009). "New records of insects associated with Laran (Neolamarckia cadamba) in Sabah". Sepilok Bulletin. 10: 45-64.
^ African Insect Life - S. H. Skaife (Longmans, Green — Cape Town)
^ "Crematogaster aurora". www.antweb.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2023-10-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ward, Philip S.; Blaimer, Bonnie B. (2022). "Taxonomy in the phylogenomic era: species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among North American ants of the Crematogaster scutellaris group (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194 (3): 898–937. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab047.
^ ^a ^b Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009, A taxonomic revision of the Asian endemic subgenus Physocrema of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., Zootaxa (2062), pp. 15-36: 29-30

Pautan luar

Data berkenaan Crematogaster di Wikispesies
Media berkenaan Crematogaster di Wikimedia Commons
Black Ants' unique nest in a tree trunk- Philippines Diarkibkan 2020-10-24 di Wayback Machine by Isidro A. T. Savillo

[ITIS-1] "Crematogaster". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

[2] Alex Wild (2007-07-21). "Crematogaster". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-08-06.

[3] Arthur, Y. C. Chung; Maria, Ajik; Reuben, Nilus; Alexander, Hastie; Robert Ong; Chey, Vun Khen (2009). "New records of insects associated with Laran (Neolamarckia cadamba) in Sabah". Sepilok Bulletin. 10: 45-64.

[4] African Insect Life - S. H. Skaife (Longmans, Green — Cape Town)

[5] "Crematogaster aurora". www.antweb.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2023-10-25.

[Ward-6] Ward, Philip S.; Blaimer, Bonnie B. (2022). "Taxonomy in the phylogenomic era: species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among North American ants of the Crematogaster scutellaris group (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194 (3): 898–937. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab047.

[Hosoishi-7] Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009, A taxonomic revision of the Asian endemic subgenus Physocrema of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., Zootaxa (2062), pp. 15-36: 29-30

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