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Bahasa isyarat

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Dua orang lelaki dan seorang wanita berkomunikasi menggerakan tangan mereka berisyarat.

Bahasa isyarat merupakan bahasa yang bergantung kepada kaedah komunikasi yang tidak menggunakan suara, tetapi pergerakan tangan, badan dan bibir untuk menyampaikan maklumat bermaksud apa yang difikiran seorang "penutur" sepertimana bahasa yang dituturkan melalui percakapan. Bahasa ini dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan dalam kalangan masyarakat yang pekak tuli, saudara-mara terdekat serta jurubahasa isyarat.

Terdapat 150 jenis bahasa isyarat yang dicatatkan terguna seluruh dunia (menurut edisi Ethnologue 2021)[1] oleh para penghidap kepekakan setempat. Terdapat bahasa isyarat yang berjaya diiktiraf dalam pelbagai peringkat[2] sama ada sebagai satu bahasa yang sahih (seperti Bahasa Isyarat British) , bahasa rasmi (seperti Bahasa Isyarat New Zealand) dan Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia; ada juga bahasa isyarat masih belum mendapat pengiktirafan langsung.

Ciri utama

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Preservation of the Sign Language (1913)

Pengungkapan dalam sesebuah bahasa isyarat menggunakan pola isyarat dihantar (komunikasi manual, bahasa badan) untuk memberi makna—serentak dengan gabungan bentuk tangan, orientasi dan pergerakkan tangan, lengan, atau badan, dan raut muka untuk menggambarkan dengan licin pemikiran penutur.

Tatabahasa spatial amat berbeza dengan tata bahasa pertuturan.[3][4] Sebagai contoh, berikut adalah tatabahasa Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia yang biasa digunakan oleh komuniti Pekak di Malaysia;

s - subjek, o- objek, v- verb (perbuatan)

ov - nasi makan...
vo - makan nasi...
sov - ali nasi makan...
svo - ali makan nasi...
ovs - nasi ali makan...

Sejarah bahasa isyarat

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Juan Pablo Bonet, [Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos] Error: {{Lang}}: teks mempunyai penanda italik (bantuan) (‘Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak’) (Madrid, 1620).

Salah satu rekod penulisan terawal bahasa isyarat berlaku pada abad ke lima BC, di Cratylus oleh Plato, di mana Socrates berkata: "Sekiranya kita tidak memiliki suara atau lidah, dan ingin menggambarkan sesuatu semasa sendiri, tidakkah kita akan cuba membuat isyarat dengan menggerakkan tangan, kepala, dan seluruh badan kita, sebagaimana mereka yang pekak lakukannya sekarang?" [5] Ia kelihatannya kelompok orang pekak telah menggunakan bahasa isyarat sepanjang sejarah.

Seperti bahasa tuturan, bahasa isyarat berbeza mengikut lokasi dan rantau. Namun, kefahaman menyaling adalah lebih mudah antara dua bahasa isyarat berbeza berbanding dengan dua bahasa pertuturan yang berbeza.

Kemajuan bahasa isyarat di dunia boleh dibuktikan dengan kemunculan dan perkembangan dalam puisi bahasa isyarat dan juga persembahan pentas yang lain.

Di Malaysia, Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM) telah diiktiraf sebagai bahasa rasmi untuk Komuniti Pekak. Ianya telah mendapat persetujuan dari Ahli Dewan Rakyat dan termaktub dalam Akta OKU 2008.


Rujukan

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  1. ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., penyunting (2021), "Sign language", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (ed. 24th), SIL International, dicapai pada 2021-05-15
  2. ^ Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012). Sign Language Legislation in the European Union – Edition II. European Union of the Deaf.
  3. ^ Stokoe, William C. (1976). Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Linstok Press. ISBN 0-932130-01-1.
  4. ^ Stokoe, William C. (1960). Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf. Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8). Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.
  5. ^ Bauman, Dirksen (2008). Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816646198.

Bibliografi

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  • Canlas, Loida (2006). "Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World." The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University.[1] Diarkibkan 2009-01-13 di Wayback Machine
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Pautan luar

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Note: the articles for specific sign languages (e.g. ASL or BSL) may contain further external links, e.g. for learning those languages.

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