Aksara-aksara Georgia

Abjad Georgia
Abjad Georgia;
Jenis tulisan	Alphabet
Tempoh masa	c. 430 CE to present
Arah tulisan	Left-to-right
Bahasa-bahasa	South Caucasian (Kartvelian) languages
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Geor (), Templat:ISO 15924 name
Unikod
Alias Unikod	Georgian
Julat Unikod	U+10A0–U+10FC; U+2D00–U+2D25
	Laman ini mengandungi transkripsi fonetik dari Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA). Untuk panduan pengenalan simbol-simbol AFA, sila lihat Bantuan:AFA. Untuk membezakan antara simbol [ ], / / dan ⟨ ⟩, sila lihat IPA § Tanda-tanda kurung dan pembatas-pembatas transkripsi.

Abjad Georgia (Bahasa Georgia:ქართული დამწერლობა [kʰɑrtʰuli dɑmtsʼɛrlɔbɑ], bermaksud secara harafiah "tulisan Georgia") merupakan sistem tulisan yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Georgia dan lain-lain bahasa selatan Caucasian (Kartvelian) (Mingrelian, Svan, Laz) dan kadangkala digunakan oleh bahasa lain di Caucasus seperti Ossetic dan Abkhaz sekitar tahun 1940-an^[1].Bahasa Georgia mempunyai phonemik ortografi dan abjad modern Georgia 33 huruf.

Perkataan tersebut bermaksud "abjad," Bahasa Georgia: ანბანი [anbani], diambil dari nama dua huruf pertama tulisan Georgia. Ketiga huruf bebas memiliki ciri menarik kelihatan amat berlainan antara satu dengan yang lain tetapi memiliki memiliki aturan huruf dan nama huruf yang sama. The alphabets mungkin dilihat bercampur pada satu tahap, sungguhpun abjad Georgia secara rasminya adalah unicameral bererti tidak terdapat perbezaan antara huruf besar dan huruf kecil bagi sebarang huruf.

Sejarah abjad Georgian

Versi Asomtavruli silam bagi abjad Georgia di Biara Gereja David.

Tulisan bagi bahasa Georgia telah melalui tiga bentuk, dikenali melalui nama Georgianya: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri, dan Mkhedruli. Ia sentiasa merupakan abjad berbeza, sungguhpun ia sama-sama digunakan untuk menulis bahasa yang sama, dan sungguhpun abjad ini berkongsi nama huruf yang sama dan "pengumpulsemakan". Sungguhpun abjad terbaru, Mkhedruli, memiliki lebih banyak huruf berbanding dua yang terdahulu, huruf tambahan tidak lagi diperlukan bagi menulis Georgia moden.

Kerajaan Iberia Georgia memeluk kristian pada sekitar 330-an AD. Sarjana percaya bahawa ciptaan abjad Georgia Tua berdasarkan abjad Greek^[2] adalah alat penting bagi menjadikan tulisan keugamaan lebih mudah didapati kepada orang-orang Georgia. Ini berlaku sekitar abad ke-4 atau ke-5, tidak lama selepas penganutan. Contoh tertua yang tidak dipertikaikan bagi tulisan Georgia adalah ukiran Asomtavruli pada 430 AD di gereja di Bethlehem.

Ia dipercayai bahawa ^[3]^[4] bahawa abjad Georgia dicipta oleh Mesrop Mashtots (yang turut mencipta abjad Armenian sekitar 405 AD dan abjad Albanian). Sudut pandangan ini, berdasarkan sumber Armenian abad ke-5th–7th, diterima oleh para ensiklopedia,^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] dan juga para sarjana.^[3]^[4]^[10]^[11] John Greppin dan sarjana Russian, Perikhanian mengakui bahawa Mesrop Mashtots bukanlah satu-satunya pencipta abjad Georgia, sungguhpun ia tidak mungkin muncul tanpa penyertaannya.^[12]^[13]

Sejarah Georgia secara tradisi menyandarkan ciptaan abjad Georgia kepada semi-mitos Parnavaz I dari Iberia pada abad ke-3 BC. Sarjana Georgia mempercayai bahawa abjad Georgia dicipta sebelum Mesrop Mashtots.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] Sarjana moden Georgia, Levan Chilashvili, berdasarkan pentarikhan ukiran Nekresi di timur Georgia pada abad ke-1–2 AD, mendakwa bahawa Parnavaz kemungkinannya mencipta tulisan ini untuk menterjemah Avesta (tulisan suci Zoroastrian ) dalam bahasa Georgian. Bagaimanapun, asal pra-Kristian bagi skript Georgia tidak disokong dengan kukuh dengan bukti arkheologi. Menurut Donald Rayfield, anggapan bahawa skrip Georgia mempunyai asal sebelum-Kristian, agak tidak berasas dan tidak disahkan oleh jumpaan arkheologi.^[4] Stephen H. Rapp, juga turut mempersoalkan pentarikhan sedemikian.^[18] Victor Schnirelmann menyatakan bahawa sejarahwan Georgia memiliki sikap menyakitkan kearah Mesrop Mashtots dibentuk oleh "demi mitos budaya tempatan asal tulin." ^[19]

Asomtavruli, abjad penting dari sejarah

Contoh abjad terawal, Asomtavruli (juga dikenali sebagai Mrgvlovani), masih dikekalkan diukiran peringatan seperti di gereja Georgian di Bethlehem (berhampiran Jerusalem, 430 AD) dan gereja Bolnisi Sioni berhampiran Tbilisi (abad ke-4-5).

Asomtavruli (ასომთავრული,"huruf besar") terhasil dari juga (ასო, "jenis huruf") dan mtavari (მთავარი, "utama"). Mrgvlovani (მრგვლოვანი, "bulat") berkait dengan perkataan mrgvali (მრგვალი, "bulat"). Sungguhpun memiliki nama Georgia yang sama, abjad bulat ini pada asalnya unicameral tulin, sama seperti abjad Georgia moden.

Juga, bentuk penulisan Aramaic tempatan yang unik juga dikenali sebagai Armazuli (არმაზული დამწერლობა, armazuli damts'erloba, contoh. "skript Armazian") wujud sebelum itu, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dengan jumpaan pada tahun 1940-an ukiran dwibahasa Greco-Aramaic di Mtskheta, Georgia. Ia adalah mungkin bahawa rekod sebelum Kristian pernah wujud, tetapi kemudiannya dimusnahkan oleh pelampau Kristian. Ramai yang lebih boleh menerima pandangan bahawa penghikayat Georgia zaman pertengahan sebenarnya merujuk kepada pengenalan penulisan Aramaik bentuk tempatan semasa pemerintahan Parnavaz ^[18] . Tidak ada satupun pendapat tradisi ini memiliki bukti kukuh, kerana pada pandangan sarjana moden, penjelasan yang paling menyakinkan bagi persamaan tentulah kerana pengaruh yang sama dan bukannya pencipta yang sama.^[20]

Asomtavruli letters
Ⴀ	Ⴁ	Ⴂ	Ⴃ	Ⴄ	Ⴅ	Ⴆ	Ⴡ	Ⴇ	Ⴈ	Ⴉ	Ⴊ	Ⴋ	Ⴌ
Ⴢ	Ⴍ	Ⴎ	Ⴏ	Ⴐ	Ⴑ	Ⴒ	Ⴣ	ႭჃ, Ⴓ	Ⴔ	Ⴕ	Ⴖ	Ⴗ	Ⴘ
Ⴙ	Ⴚ	Ⴛ	Ⴜ	Ⴝ	Ⴞ	Ⴤ	Ⴟ	Ⴠ	Ⴥ
Nota sesetengah fon bagi Georgia moden tidak menunjukkan bentuk Asomtavruli sebenar bagi huruf ini, sebaliknya variasi ("huruf besar") lebih tinggi bagi abjad Mkhedruli moden (lihat di bawah).

Abjad unicameral ini masih digunakan hari ini dalam sebahagian judul seksyen dan judul buku, dan kadang-kala digunakan dalam bentuk bicameral palse dengan menukar saiz glyph bagi mencipta huruf besar. Oleh kerana ia tidak lagi digunakan bagi menulis Georgia, ia turut juga digunakan dalam bentuk kreatif bagi menulis huruf besar, bersama dengan huruf salah satu dari dua abjad Georgia yang lain.

Nuskhuri, abjad suci

Abjad Nuskhuri (ნუსხური "minuscule, huruf kecil") mula muncul sekitar abad ke-9. Ia kebanyakannya digunakan bagi kerja penulisan suci. Nuskhuri berkait dengan perkataan nuskha (ნუსხა "jadual, senarai").

Nuskhuri letters
ⴀ	ⴁ	ⴂ	ⴃ	ⴄ	ⴅ	ⴆ	ⴡ	ⴇ	ⴈ	ⴉ	ⴊ	ⴋ	ⴌ
ⴢ	ⴍ	ⴎ	ⴏ	ⴐ	ⴑ	ⴒ	ⴣ	ⴍⴣ, ⴓ	ⴔ	ⴕ	ⴖ	ⴗ	ⴘ
ⴙ	ⴚ	ⴛ	ⴜ	ⴝ	ⴞ	ⴤ	ⴟ	ⴠ	ⴥ

Bentuk huruf Khutsuri mungkin telah diambil dari variasi Arsacid utara bagi abjad Pahlavi (atau abjad Iranian Pusat), yang ia sendiri diambil daripada abjad Aramaik terdahulu, sungguhpun aras menulis (dari kiri ke kanan), penggunaan simbol berlainan bagi bunyi vowel, nilai angka diberikan kepada huruf pada waktu awal, dan arah abjad kesemuanya menunjukkan pengarus abjad Yunani yang kuat pada abjad ini.^[21]

Bagaimanapun, pakar bahasa Georgia, Tamaz Gamkrelidze menekankan bahawa bentuk huruf adalah dicipta bebas meniru model Yunani dan bukannya secara langsung dari bentuk abjad Aramaik lebih awal, sungguhpun inventori fonologi Georgia amat berbeza dengan Yunani.

Sebagaimana abjad Asomtavruli penting, abjad segi empat ini pada awalnya sepenuhnya unicameral. Bagaimanapun, ia turut digunakan bersama abjad Asomtavruli (sebagai huruf besar dalam manuskrip keugamaan) bagi membentuk gaya bicameral Khutsuri (ხუცური "dari langit") yang masih kadang-kala digunakan masakini.

Mkhedruli, abjad sekular asal, masa kini

Abjad yang digunakan masa kini, dikenali sebagai Mkhedruli (მხედრული, "kalavari" atau "tentera"), mula muncul sekitar abad ke-11. Ia digunakan bagi kegunaan bukan keugamaan sehingga abad ke-18, apabila ia menggantikan abjad gaya Khutsuri sepenuhnya (yang menggunakan dua abjad sebelumnya). Mkhedruli berkait dengan mkhedari (მხედარი, "tentera berkuda", "hulubalang", atau "kesasteria"); Khutsuri berkait dengan khutsesi (ხუცესი, "orang tua" atau "padri").

abjad Mkhedruli
ა	ბ	გ	დ	ე	ვ	ზ	ჱ	თ	ი	კ	ლ	მ	ნ
ჲ	ო	პ	ჟ	რ	ს	ტ	ჳ	უ	ფ	ქ	ღ	ყ	შ
ჩ	ც	ძ	წ	ჭ	ხ	ჴ	ჯ	ჰ	ჵ	ჶ	ჷ	ჸ

Sebagaimana dua abjad lain, abjad Mkhedruli sepenuhnya unicameral. Bagaimanapun, sesetengah penulis moden telah menguji dengan menggunakan huruf Asomtavruli sebagai huruf besar, sama seperti gaya skrip Khutsuri. Dalam sesetengah kes ia mungkin merupakan pengembangan stail keagamaan Khutsuri dan bukannya hasil pilihan rekabentuk kreatif. Orang Georgia sering menganggap penggunaan bicameral bagi Mkhedruli merupakan kesilapan kerana sesetengah huruf Mkhedruli tiada setara dalam abjad lain. Yang lain mengguna abjad Mkhedruli sepenuhnya dalam cara pseudo-bicameral, menggunakan saiz huruf bagi mencipta huruf besar, dikenali sebagai Mtavruli bagi judul dan tajuk. Mtavruli (მთავრული) bererti "titlecase" dan merupakan nama yang sesuai bagi abjad Asomtavruli lebih awal.

Dalam Asomtavruli lebih tua, bunyi /u/ diwakili dengan digraph ‹ႭჃ› atau sebagai ‹Ⴓ›, penyesuaian ‹Ⴍ›. Nuskhuri melihat gabungan digraph ‹ⴍⴣ› kepada ligature, ‹ⴓ› (cf. Greek ου, Cyrillic Ѹ/Ꙋ). Bagaimanapun, Mkhedruli biasanya hanya menggunakan ‹უ› berbeza dengan digraph atau ligature, dan menggunakan ‹უ› menggantikan ‹ჳ› lapuk (di bawah) bagi mewakili nilai 400.

Huruf lapuk

Lapan dari empat puluh satu huruf Mkhedruli (digelapkan di atas) kini lapuk. Lima darinya, ‹ჱ› (he), ‹ჲ› (hie), ‹ჳ› (vie), ‹ჴ› (qar), dan ‹ჵ› (hoe) digunakan dalam Georgian Tua. Tiga yang terakhir, ‹ჶ› (fi), ‹ჷ› (shva), dan ‹ჸ› (elifi), merupakan tambahan terkemudian pada abjad Georgia.

‹ჱ› (he), kadang kala dikenali sebagai "ei" atau "e-merve" ("kelapan e"). Sebagaimana (Ηη, Ͱͱ, ēta) Greek Silam, ia terletak tempat ke lapan dalam abjad Georgia. Nama dan bentuk huruf dalam Asomtavruli ‹Ⴡ› dan Nuskhuri ‹ⴡ› juga menyerupai konsonen silam berbentuk paku payung ("tack") Greek heta. Dalam Georgia Tua, he boleh disaling tukar dengan digraph ‹ეჲ›. Ia mewakili [ei] atau [ej].
‹ჲ› (hie), juga dipanggil iot'a, sering menandakan tatabahasa noun Georgia dalam kes nominatif. Dalam Georgia Tua, ia mewakili [i] atau [j].
‹ჳ› (vie) mewakili diphthong [ui] atau [uj]. Ia menduduki tempat dan nilai yang sama seperti Yunani Silam Υυ upsilon, yang mana versi Asomtavruli ‹Ⴣ› dan Nuskhuri ‹ⴣ› menyerupainya. Sebutan modennya biasanya seperti ‹უ› [u] atau ‹ი› [i].
‹ჴ› (qar, har) mewakili [q] or [qʰ], pasangan non-ejective kepada ‹ყ› (q'ar) di atas. Sungguhpun konsonant ini masih dibezakan dalam bahasa Svan, sebutan modennya dalam bahasa Georgia sama dengan ‹ხ› [χ].
‹ჵ› (hoe), juga dikenali sebagai oh, mewakili ‹ო›, [oː] panjang.
‹ჶ› (fi) dipinjam bagi mewakili phoneme /f/ dalam kata pinjaman dari Latin dan Greek seperti ჶილოსოჶია (filosofia, 'philosophy'). Nama dan bentuknya diambil dari Greek. Kegunaan modennya adalah ciri-ciri bahasa Svan dan Laz apabila ditulis dalam abjad Georgia. Dalam Georgia moden, ‹ფ› par menggantikan fi.
‹ჷ› (shva), juga dikenali sebagai yn, mewakili mid central vowel [ə]. Ia muncul dalam tulisan bahasa Mingrelian, Laz, dan Svan.
‹ჸ› (elifi) represents the glottal stop [ʔ]. Its name and pronunciation derive from Aramaic. It is used in written Mingrelian and rarely in Laz.

Transkripsi

Jadual ini hanya menyenaraikan abjad unicameral Mkhedruli moden (contoh. 33 huruf yang boleh ditukar kepada dua abjad yang lain, menyingkirkan 8 huruf Mkhedruli yang kini lapuk). "National" merupakan sistem transliterasi rasmi yang digunakan oleh kerajaan Georgia, sementara "Laz" merupakan sistem rasmi yang digunakan di timur laut Turki bagi bahasa Laz.

Letters	Unicode	Name	National	ISO 9984	BGN	Laz	IPA
ა	U+10D0	an	A a	A a	A a	A a	/ɑ/
ბ	U+10D1	ban	B b	B b	B b	B b	/b/
გ	U+10D2	gan	G g	G g	G g	G g	/ɡ/
დ	U+10D3	don	D d	D d	D d	D d	/d/
ე	U+10D4	en	E e	E e	E e	E e	/ɛ/
ვ	U+10D5	vin	V v	V v	V v	V v	/v/
ზ	U+10D6	zen	Z z	Z z	Z z	Z z	/z/
თ	U+10D7	tan	T t	T' t'	T' t'	T t	/tʰ/
ი	U+10D8	in	I i	I i	I i	I i	/i/
კ	U+10D9	k'an	K' k'	K k	K k	K' k'	/kʼ/
ლ	U+10DA	las	L l	L l	L l	L l	/l/
მ	U+10DB	man	M m	M m	M m	M m	/m/
ნ	U+10DC	nar	N n	N n	N n	N n	/n/
ო	U+10DD	on	O o	O o	O o	O o	/ɔ/
პ	U+10DE	p'ar	P' p'	P p	P p	P' p'	/pʼ/
ჟ	U+10DF	žan	Zh zh	Ž ž	Zh zh	J j	/ʒ/
რ	U+10E0	rae	R r	R r	R r	R r	/r/
ს	U+10E1	san	S s	S s	S s	S s	/s/
ტ	U+10E2	t'ar	T' t'	T t	T t	T' t'	/tʼ/
უ	U+10E3	un	U u	U u	U u	U u	/u/
ფ	U+10E4	par	P p	P' p'	P' p'	P p	/pʰ/
ქ	U+10E5	kan	K k	K' k'	K' k'	K k	/kʰ/
ღ	U+10E6	ḡan	Gh gh	Ḡ ḡ	Gh gh	Ğ ğ	/ɣ/
ყ	U+10E7	q'ar	Q' q'	Q q	Q q	Q q	/qʼ/
შ	U+10E8	šin	Sh sh	Š š	Sh sh	Ş ş	/ʃ/
ჩ	U+10E9	čin	Ch ch	Č' č'	Ch' ch'	Ç ç	/tʃ/^[22]
ც	U+10EA	can	Ts ts	C' c'	Ts' ts'	Ts ts	/ts/^[22]
ძ	U+10EB	jil	Dz dz	J j	Dz dz	Ž ž	/dz/
წ	U+10EC	c'il	Ts' ts'	C c	Ts ts	Ts' ts'	/tsʼ/
ჭ	U+10ED	č'ar	Ch' ch'	Č č	Ch ch	Ç' ç'	/tʃʼ/
ხ	U+10EE	xan	Kh kh	X x	Kh kh	X x	/x/
ჯ	U+10EF	ǰan	J j	J̌ ǰ	J j	C c	/dʒ/
ჰ	U+10F0	hae	H h	H h	H h	H h	/h/

Rujukan

^ "Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli)". Omniglot.com. Dicapai pada 2009-04-22.
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica - Georgian language, Britannica.com, dicapai pada 2009-04-22
^ ^a ^b Lenore A. Grenoble. Language policy in the Soviet Union. Springer, 2003. ISBN 1-4020-1298-5. P. 116. "The creation of the Georgian alphabet is generally attributed to Mesrop, who is also credited with the creation of the Armenian alphabet."
^ ^a ^b ^c Donald Rayfield "The Literature of Georgia: A History (Caucasus World). RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1163-5. P. 19. "The Georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre-Christian origin, for the major archaeological monument of the first century 4IX the bilingual Armazi gravestone commemorating Serafua, daughter of the Georgian viceroy of Mtskheta, is inscribed in Greek and Aramaic only. It has been believed, and not only in Armenia, that all the Caucasian alphabets — Armenian, Georgian and Caucaso-AIbanian — were invented in the fourth century by the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots.<...> The Georgian chronicles The Life of Kanli - assert that a Georgian script was invented two centuries before Christ, an assertion unsupported by archaeology. There is a possibility that the Georgians, like many minor nations of the area, wrote in a foreign language — Persian, Aramaic, or Greek — and translated back as they read."
^ Catholic Encyclopedia. Mesrob. "But his activity was not confined to Eastern Armenia. Provided with letters from Isaac he went to Constantinople and obtained from the Emperor Theodosius the Younger permission to preach and teach in his Armenian possessions. He evangelized successively the Georgians, Albanians, and Aghouanghks, adapting his alphabet to their languages, and, wherever he preached the Gospel, he built schools and appointed teachers and priests to continue his work. Having returned to Eastern Armenia to report on his missions to the patriarch, his first thought was to provide a religious literature for his countrymen."
^ Britannica. Alphabet. "The Aramaic alphabet was probably also the prototype of the Brāhmī script of India, a script that became the parent of nearly all Indian writings. Derived from the Aramaic alphabet, it came into being in northwest India. The Armenian and Georgian alphabets, created by St. Mesrob (Mashtots) in the early 5th century ad, were also based on the Aramaic alphabet."
^ Glen Warren Bowersock, Peter Robert Lamont Brown, Oleg Grabar. Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world. Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. P. 289. James R. Russell. Alphabets. " Mastoc' was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when Armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity, through partition, and its newly acquired Christian faith, through Sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism. By preaching in Armenian, he was able to undermine and co-opt the discourse founded in native tradition, and to create a counterweight against both Byzantine and Syriac cultural hegemony in the church. Mastoc' also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model."
^ George L. Campbell. Compendium of the World’s Languages. — Routledge; New edition edition (May 14, 1998) — ISBN 0-415-16049-9. P. 183. "Old Georgian was written in the xucuri character, traditionally invented by Mesrop Mashtots, to whom the Armenians owe their script. In the eleventh century the ecclesiastical xucuri was replaced by the character known as the mxedruli 'civil', which is in use today. Georgian is the only Caucasian language to have developed its own script."
^ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster, 1995. ISBN 0-87779-042-6. P. 756. "Mesrob". "A collection of biblical commentaries, translations of patristic works, and liturgical prayers and hymns is credited to Mesrob, corroborating his reputation for having laid the foundation of a national Armenian liturgy. He is also credited with contributing to the origin of the Georgian alphabet."
^ Russian: «История Востока», ЗАКАВКАЗЬЕ В IV—XI вв — Институт Востоковедения РАН. "Христианизация закавказских стран имела важные последствия и для развития местной культуры. На рубеже IV-V вв. появилась армянская письменность, созданная Месропом Маштоцем. Не без его помощи были изобретены и национальные алфавиты в Грузии и Албании. "
^ Peter R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans, Geoffrey William Hugo Lampe, Stanley Lawrence Greenslade. The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the Beginnings to Jerome — Cambridge University Press, 1975 — ISBN 0-521-09973-0. P. 367. "Georgia was converted during the fourth century, tradition has it by the agency of an Armenian slave woman, and whether these details are in any measure true or not, the tradition probably indicates the source of the Georgians' knowledge of Christianity and the Christian scriptures. These did not begin to be translated into Georgian until Mesrop, provider of an Armenian alphabet, also supplied the Georgians with an adequate means of transcription for their speech."
^ Greppin, John A.C. Diarkibkan 2010-07-03 di Wayback Machine: Some comments on the origin of the Georgian alphabet. — Bazmavep 139, 1981, 449-456
^ Russian: Периханян А. Г. К вопросу о происхождении армянской письменности // Переднеазиатский сборник. М.: Наука, 1966. Вып. 2. Стр. 127-133
^ Russian: Церетели Г. В. Армазское письмо и проблема происхождения грузинского алфавита. II // Эпиграфика Востока. М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1949.
^ Russian: Бердзенишвили Н., Джавахишвили И., Джанашиа С. История Грузии: В 2 ч. Ч. 1. С древнейших времен до начала XIX в. Тбилиси: Госиздат ГССР, 1950.
^ Russian: Джанашиа С.Н. К вопросу о языке и истории хеттов. 1959 // Труды: В 3 т. Тбилиси: Изд-во АН ГССР
^ Russian: Tamaz Gamkrelidze. АЛФАВИТНОЕ ПИСЬМО И ДРЕВНЕГРУЗИНСКАЯ ПИСЬМЕННОСТЬ (Типология и происхождение алфавитных систем письма)
^ ^a ^b Stephen H. Rapp. Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts. Peeters Publishers, 2003. ISBN 90-429-1318-5. P. 19. "Moreover, all surviving MSS written in Georgian postdate K'art'li's fourth-century conversion to Christianity. Not a shred of dated evidence has come to light confirming the invention of a Georgian alphabet by King P'arnavaz in the third century ВС as is fabulously attested in the first text of K'C'<...> Cf. Chilashvili's "Nekresi" for the claim that a Geo. asomt'avruli burial inscription from Nekresi commemorates a Zoroastrian who died in the first/second century AD. Archaeological evidence confirms that a Zoroastrian temple once stood at Nekresi, but the date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial. Chilashvili reasons, on the basis of the first-/second-century date, that P'amavaz likely created the script in order to translate the Avesta (i.e.. sacred Zoroastrian writings) into Geo., thus turning on its head the argument that the Georgian script was deliberately fashioned by Christians in order to disseminate the New Testament. Though I accept eastern Georgia's intimate connection to Iran, I cannot support Chilashvili's dubious hypothesis. I find more palatable the idea that K'C actually refers to the introduction of a local form of written Aramaic during the reign of P'amavaz: Ceret'eli. "Aramaic," p. 243."
^ Russian: В. А. Шнирельман, «Войны памяти. Мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье», М., ИКЦ, «Академкнига», 2003. English: V. A. Shnirelman. The value of the past. Myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology (Senri Ethnological Studies No. 57), 2001. Page 392
^ Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard, p. 251
^ "Armazi". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2002-10-15. Dicapai pada 2010-05-13.
^ ^a ^b Aronson (1990) depicts the two affricates as aspirated, though other scholars, like Shosted & Chikovani (2006) describe them as voiceless.

Pautan luar

[1] "Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli)". Omniglot.com. Dicapai pada 2009-04-22.

[2] Encyclopaedia Britannica - Georgian language, Britannica.com, dicapai pada 2009-04-22

[Lenore_A._Grenoble-3] Lenore A. Grenoble. Language policy in the Soviet Union. Springer, 2003. ISBN 1-4020-1298-5. P. 116. "The creation of the Georgian alphabet is generally attributed to Mesrop, who is also credited with the creation of the Armenian alphabet."

[Donald_Rayfield-4] Donald Rayfield "The Literature of Georgia: A History (Caucasus World). RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1163-5. P. 19. "The Georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre-Christian origin, for the major archaeological monument of the first century 4IX the bilingual Armazi gravestone commemorating Serafua, daughter of the Georgian viceroy of Mtskheta, is inscribed in Greek and Aramaic only. It has been believed, and not only in Armenia, that all the Caucasian alphabets — Armenian, Georgian and Caucaso-AIbanian — were invented in the fourth century by the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots.<...> The Georgian chronicles The Life of Kanli - assert that a Georgian script was invented two centuries before Christ, an assertion unsupported by archaeology. There is a possibility that the Georgians, like many minor nations of the area, wrote in a foreign language — Persian, Aramaic, or Greek — and translated back as they read."

[5] Catholic Encyclopedia. Mesrob. "But his activity was not confined to Eastern Armenia. Provided with letters from Isaac he went to Constantinople and obtained from the Emperor Theodosius the Younger permission to preach and teach in his Armenian possessions. He evangelized successively the Georgians, Albanians, and Aghouanghks, adapting his alphabet to their languages, and, wherever he preached the Gospel, he built schools and appointed teachers and priests to continue his work. Having returned to Eastern Armenia to report on his missions to the patriarch, his first thought was to provide a religious literature for his countrymen."

[6] Britannica. Alphabet. "The Aramaic alphabet was probably also the prototype of the Brāhmī script of India, a script that became the parent of nearly all Indian writings. Derived from the Aramaic alphabet, it came into being in northwest India. The Armenian and Georgian alphabets, created by St. Mesrob (Mashtots) in the early 5th century ad, were also based on the Aramaic alphabet."

[7] Glen Warren Bowersock, Peter Robert Lamont Brown, Oleg Grabar. Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world. Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. P. 289. James R. Russell. Alphabets. " Mastoc' was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when Armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity, through partition, and its newly acquired Christian faith, through Sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism. By preaching in Armenian, he was able to undermine and co-opt the discourse founded in native tradition, and to create a counterweight against both Byzantine and Syriac cultural hegemony in the church. Mastoc' also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model."

[8] George L. Campbell. Compendium of the World’s Languages. — Routledge; New edition edition (May 14, 1998) — ISBN 0-415-16049-9. P. 183. "Old Georgian was written in the xucuri character, traditionally invented by Mesrop Mashtots, to whom the Armenians owe their script. In the eleventh century the ecclesiastical xucuri was replaced by the character known as the mxedruli 'civil', which is in use today. Georgian is the only Caucasian language to have developed its own script."

[9] Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster, 1995. ISBN 0-87779-042-6. P. 756. "Mesrob". "A collection of biblical commentaries, translations of patristic works, and liturgical prayers and hymns is credited to Mesrob, corroborating his reputation for having laid the foundation of a national Armenian liturgy. He is also credited with contributing to the origin of the Georgian alphabet."

[История_Востока-10] Russian: «История Востока», ЗАКАВКАЗЬЕ В IV—XI вв — Институт Востоковедения РАН. "Христианизация закавказских стран имела важные последствия и для развития местной культуры. На рубеже IV-V вв. появилась армянская письменность, созданная Месропом Маштоцем. Не без его помощи были изобретены и национальные алфавиты в Грузии и Албании. "

[11] Peter R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans, Geoffrey William Hugo Lampe, Stanley Lawrence Greenslade. The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the Beginnings to Jerome — Cambridge University Press, 1975 — ISBN 0-521-09973-0. P. 367. "Georgia was converted during the fourth century, tradition has it by the agency of an Armenian slave woman, and whether these details are in any measure true or not, the tradition probably indicates the source of the Georgians' knowledge of Christianity and the Christian scriptures. These did not begin to be translated into Georgian until Mesrop, provider of an Armenian alphabet, also supplied the Georgians with an adequate means of transcription for their speech."

[12] Greppin, John A.C. Diarkibkan 2010-07-03 di Wayback Machine: Some comments on the origin of the Georgian alphabet. — Bazmavep 139, 1981, 449-456

[13] Russian: Периханян А. Г. К вопросу о происхождении армянской письменности // Переднеазиатский сборник. М.: Наука, 1966. Вып. 2. Стр. 127-133

[14] Russian: Церетели Г. В. Армазское письмо и проблема происхождения грузинского алфавита. II // Эпиграфика Востока. М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1949.

[15] Russian: Бердзенишвили Н., Джавахишвили И., Джанашиа С. История Грузии: В 2 ч. Ч. 1. С древнейших времен до начала XIX в. Тбилиси: Госиздат ГССР, 1950.

[16] Russian: Джанашиа С.Н. К вопросу о языке и истории хеттов. 1959 // Труды: В 3 т. Тбилиси: Изд-во АН ГССР

[17] Russian: Tamaz Gamkrelidze. АЛФАВИТНОЕ ПИСЬМО И ДРЕВНЕГРУЗИНСКАЯ ПИСЬМЕННОСТЬ (Типология и происхождение алфавитных систем письма)

[Rapp-18] Stephen H. Rapp. Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts. Peeters Publishers, 2003. ISBN 90-429-1318-5. P. 19. "Moreover, all surviving MSS written in Georgian postdate K'art'li's fourth-century conversion to Christianity. Not a shred of dated evidence has come to light confirming the invention of a Georgian alphabet by King P'arnavaz in the third century ВС as is fabulously attested in the first text of K'C'<...> Cf. Chilashvili's "Nekresi" for the claim that a Geo. asomt'avruli burial inscription from Nekresi commemorates a Zoroastrian who died in the first/second century AD. Archaeological evidence confirms that a Zoroastrian temple once stood at Nekresi, but the date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial. Chilashvili reasons, on the basis of the first-/second-century date, that P'amavaz likely created the script in order to translate the Avesta (i.e.. sacred Zoroastrian writings) into Geo., thus turning on its head the argument that the Georgian script was deliberately fashioned by Christians in order to disseminate the New Testament. Though I accept eastern Georgia's intimate connection to Iran, I cannot support Chilashvili's dubious hypothesis. I find more palatable the idea that K'C actually refers to the introduction of a local form of written Aramaic during the reign of P'amavaz: Ceret'eli. "Aramaic," p. 243."

[Schnirelmann-19] Russian: В. А. Шнирельман, «Войны памяти. Мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье», М., ИКЦ, «Академкнига», 2003. English: V. A. Shnirelman. The value of the past. Myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology (Senri Ethnological Studies No. 57), 2001. Page 392

[20] Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard, p. 251

[21] "Armazi". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2002-10-15. Dicapai pada 2010-05-13.

[Aronson-22] Aronson (1990) depicts the two affricates as aspirated, though other scholars, like Shosted & Chikovani (2006) describe them as voiceless.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]