Hutan hujan tropika

Hutan hujan tropika merupakan jenis sistem eko yang wujud secara kasarnya dalam garis lintang 28 darjah utara atau selatan garis khatulistiwa (dalam zon khatulistiwa antara Garisan Sartan dan Garisan Jadi).Hutan hujan tropika merangkumi 10 peratus daripada kawasan darat bumi . Sistem eko ini mengalami suhu purata tinggi dan sejumlah besar hujan. Hutan hujan boleh didapati di Asia, Australia, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Amerika Tengah, Mexico dan kebanyakan kepulauan Pasifik, Caribbean dan Lautan Hindi. Dalam pengelasan biome Tabung Kehidupan Liar Sedunia, hutan hujan tropika sering dianggap sebagai jenis hutan basah tropika (atau hutan daun lebar lembap tropika) dan mungkin juga dirujuk sebagai hutan hujan malar hijau khatulistiwa tanah rendah.^[3]^[4]

Overview

Hutan hujan tropika boleh dicirikan dalam dua perkataan: panas dan basah. Suhu purata bulanan melebihi 18 °C (64 °F) semasa sepanjang bulan setahun.^[5] Purata hujan tahunan tidak kurang dari 168 cm (66 in) dan boleh melebihi 1,000 cm (390 in) sungguhpun ia biasanya terletak antara 175 cm (69 in) dan 200 cm (79 in).^[6] Kelembapan tahap tinggi ini sering kali menghasilkan keadaan tanah yang tidak subur akibat baja boleh larut dihanyutkan air.

Sumber akademik

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology^[7]
Annals of Botany^[8]
Austral Ecology
Biodiversity and Conservation, ISSN: 0960-3115 eISSN: 1572-9710^[9]
Biological Conservation^[10]
Diversity and Distributions^[11]
Ecological Indicators^[12]
Ecological Management & Restoration^[13]
Ecoscience^[14]
Journal of Tropical Ecology^[15]
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology^[16]
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment^[17]

Bacaan lanjut

Rujukan

^ "NASA.gov". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-02-25. Dicapai pada 2012-04-10.
^ ScienceDaily.com
^ Olson, David M. et al. (2001); Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World Diarkibkan 2010-07-16 di Wayback Machine: A New Map of Life on Earth, BioScience, Vol. 51, No. 11., pp. 933-938.
^ Mohd.Jani, Ismail Ahmad Yaakob (1994). TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN dan PERSEKITARAN Satu Perspektif Geografi. Ampang Hulu Klang Selangor Dahrul Ehsan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. m/s. 19. ISBN 983-62-3991-X. line feed character in |title= at position 34 (bantuan)
^ Susan Woodward. Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest. Diarkibkan 2008-02-25 di Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
^ Newman, Arnold. The Tropical Rainforest : A World Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With a Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark, 2002. Print.
^ Elsevier. "Agricultural and Forest Meteorology". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ Oxford University Press. "Annals of botany". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ Springer. "Biodiversity and Conservation". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)^{[pautan mati kekal]}^{[pautan mati kekal]}
^ Elsevier. "Biological Conservation". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ "Diversity and Distributions". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)^{[pautan mati kekal]}
^ Elsevier. "Ecological Indicators". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ John Wiley & Sons. "Ecological Management & Restoration". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ BioOne. "Ecoscience". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ Cambridge University Press. "Journal of Tropical Ecology". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ Elsevier. "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
^ Taylor & Francis. "Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

Pautan luar

Rainforest Action Network
EIA forest reports: Investigations into illegal logging.
Tropical Teak: Report on Preventing Illegal Logging Through Sustainable Forestry Practices
EIA in the USA Diarkibkan 2016-02-26 di Wayback Machine Reports and info.
Rain Forest Info from Blue Planet Biomes
Passport to Knowledge Rainforests
Rainforest protection
Amazon - What you can do
Protect Ancient Fores

[1] "NASA.gov". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-02-25. Dicapai pada 2012-04-10.

[2] ScienceDaily.com

[3] Olson, David M. et al. (2001); Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World Diarkibkan 2010-07-16 di Wayback Machine: A New Map of Life on Earth, BioScience, Vol. 51, No. 11., pp. 933-938.

[4] Mohd.Jani, Ismail Ahmad Yaakob (1994). TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN dan PERSEKITARAN Satu Perspektif Geografi. Ampang Hulu Klang Selangor Dahrul Ehsan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. m/s. 19. ISBN 983-62-3991-X. line feed character in |title= at position 34 (bantuan)

[5] Susan Woodward. Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest. Diarkibkan 2008-02-25 di Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-03-14.

[Newman,_Arnold_2002-6] Newman, Arnold. The Tropical Rainforest : A World Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With a Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark, 2002. Print.

[afm-7] Elsevier. "Agricultural and Forest Meteorology". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[aob-8] Oxford University Press. "Annals of botany". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[bc2-9] Springer. "Biodiversity and Conservation". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)^{[pautan mati kekal]}^{[pautan mati kekal]}

[bc-10] Elsevier. "Biological Conservation". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[dd-11] "Diversity and Distributions". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)^{[pautan mati kekal]}

[ei-12] Elsevier. "Ecological Indicators". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[emr-13] John Wiley & Sons. "Ecological Management & Restoration". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[es-14] BioOne. "Ecoscience". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[jte-15] Cambridge University Press. "Journal of Tropical Ecology". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[3p-16] Elsevier. "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

[snfe-17] Taylor & Francis. "Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment". Dicapai pada 20 January 2009. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)

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