Raj British

Penjajahan di India
	East Indiaman Repulse (1820)
Penjajahan di India
Portugal di India	1510–1961
Belanda di India	1605–1825
Denmark di India	1620–1869
Perancis di India	1759–1954
British India 1613–1947
Syarikat India Timur	1612–1757
Pemerintahan syarikat di India	1757–1857
British Raj	1858–1947
Pemerintahan British di Burma	1824–1867
Negeri beraja	1765–1947
Pembahagian India	1947
	l; b; s;

Empayar India
*Raj British*
British India
Empayar India; Raj British; British India
1858–1947
Bendera	Jata
	Lagu kebangsaan: God Save the Queen/King
	Empayar India British, 1909
Status	Pemerintahan beraja
Ibu negara	Calcutta (1858–1912); New Delhi (1912–1947); Shimla (Summer)
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Hindustan, Inggeris dan lain-lain
Kerajaan	Monarki
Maharaja/Maharani India (1876–1947)
• 1858–1901	Victoria¹
• 1901–1910	Edward VII
• 1910–1936	George V
• 1936	Edward VIII
• 1936–1947	George VI
Wizurai²
• 1858–1862	The Viscount Canning
• 1862–1863	Earl Elgin ke-8
• 1864–1869	Sir John Lawrence
• 1869–1872	Earl Mayo
• 1872–1876	Lord Northbrook
• 1876–1880	Lord Lytton
• 1880–1884	Marquess Ripon
• 1884–1888	The Earl of Dufferin
Sejarah
• Diwujudkan	2 Ogos 1858
• Dibubarkan	15 Ogos 1947
Mata wang	Rupee India British
Kod ISO 3166	IN
Didahului oleh	Diganti oleh
	Pemerintahan syarikat di India
	Empayar Mughal
	Keamiran Afganistan
Kesatuan India
Penguasaan Pakistan
British Burma
Negeri-Negeri Gencatan Senjata
Bahrain
Muskat dan Oman
Kuwait
Qatar
Sekarang sebahagian dari	India; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Emiriah Arab Bersatu; Bahrain; Oman; Kuwait; Qatar
	¹ Reigned as Empress of India from 1 May 1876, before that as Queen of Great Britain.; ² Governor-General and Viceroy of India

Raj British (rāj dalam Hindustan: राज, Urdu: راج, disebut: /rɑːdʒ/, harfiahnya "raja"^[1]) ialah satu nama yang diberikan bagi tempoh pemerintahan penjajah British di Asia Selatan di antara tahun 1858 hingga 1947;^[2] ia juga boleh merujuk kepada pemerintahan itu sendiri dan juga rantau di bawah pemerintahan.^[3] Rantau itu, biasanya dipanggil India dalam penggunaan kontemporari, termasuk kawasan-kawasan yang ditadbir terus oleh Britain,^[4] serta negeri bangsawan yang diperintah oleh raja-raja individu di bawah keagungan Mahkota British. Selepas tahun 1876, kesatuan politik yang terhasil secara rasmi dipanggil Empayar India dan mengeluarkan pasport di bawah nama itu. Sebagai India, ia adalah ahli pengasas Liga Bangsa, Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu, dan ahli dalam Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas pada 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, dan 1936.

Sistem pentadbiran bergabenor telah dimulakan pada tahun 1858 apabila pemerintahan Syarikat Hindia Timur British dipindahkan kepada kemahkotaan Ratu Victoria (dan kemudian pada tahun 1877 diistiharkan sebagai Maharani India). Ia berlangsung sehingga tahun 1947, apabila Empayar India British telah dipecahkan menjadi dua buah negara berdaulat: Kesatuan India (kemudian Republik India) dan Penguasaan Pakistan (kemudian Republik Islam Pakistan, separuh bahagian timur, yang mana kemudian menjadi Republik Rakyat Bangladesh). Wilayah Burma di kawasan timur di Empayar India dijadikan jajahan berasingan pada tahun 1937 dan mendapat kemerdekaan pada tahun 1948.

Nota

^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. rāj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg king (see RICH).
^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. "b. spec. the British dominion or rule in the Indian sub-continent (before 1947). In full, British raj.
^ *Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug. 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj. For the latter usage, see: Google Scholar references: ("British Raj" in the primary sense of "British India," i.e. "regions of India under British rule") 1. "The important case of Islamic economics was a consciously constructed effort arising directly out of the anti-colonial struggle in the British Raj" 2 "... time" (1882: v). In keeping with the purpose of the Gazetteer (and indeed all such Gazetteers published for provinces in the British Raj), Atkinson's treatment ..." 3. "... Robert D’Arblay Gybbon-Monypenny, who had been born in the British Raj and educated at Sandhurst, afterwards seeing active service in the First World War ..." 4. "... In contrast, during the independence struggle in the British raj, the emphasis had always been on nationalism..." ("British Raj" in the second sense of "British India," i.e. "the British in India") 5. "Koch and the Europeans were entertained at clubs in the British Raj from which native Indians (called "wogs" for "worthy oriental gentleman") were excluded. ..." 6. "... prejudice and vindictiveness towards one's own race and, especially, toward someone of a different race who, as a servant in the British Raj, occupies a ..."
^ First the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland then, after 1927, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Rujukan dan bacaan lanjut

Buku teks umum kontemporari

Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548., ISBN 8125025960.
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Monograf dan koleksi

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Ansari, Sarah (2005), Life after Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh: 1947–1962, Oxford and London: Oxford University Press, Pp. 256, ISBN 019597834X
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Bayly, C. A. (1990), Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 248, ISBN 0521386500.
Bayly, C. A. (2000), Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 426, ISBN 0521663601
Brown; Louis, Wm. Roger, penyunting (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 800, ISBN 0199246793
Butalia, Urvashi (1998), The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, Pp. 308, ISBN 0822324946
Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (1998), Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850-1950, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400, ISBN 0521596920.
Chatterji, Joya (1993), Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 323, ISBN 0521523281.
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Fay, Peter W. (1993), The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945., Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press., ISBN 0472083422.
Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press. 258 pages. ISBN 0520062493.
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Jalal, Ayesha (1993), The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 334 pages, ISBN 0521458501.
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Low, D. A. (1993), Eclipse of Empire, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xvi, 366, ISBN 0521457548.
Low, D. A. (2002), Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929-1942, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 374, ISBN 0521892619.
Low, D. A., penyunting (2004), Congress & the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle 1917-47, Second Edition, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xviii, 513, ISBN 0195683676.
Metcalf, Thomas R. (1991), The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857-1870, Riverdale Co. Pub. Pp. 352, ISBN 8185054991
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Talbot, Ian (2002), Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 216., ISBN 0195795512.
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Rencana dalam jurnal atau koleksi

Banthia, Jayant; Dyson, Tim (1999), "Smallpox in Nineteenth-Century India", Population and Development Review, 25 (4): 649–689
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Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860-1914", Population Studies, 21 (3): 521–545
Drayton, Richard (2001), "Science, Medicine, and the British Empire", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 264–276, ISBN 0199246807
Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I", Population Studies, 45 (1): 5–25
Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II", Population Studies, 45 (2): 279–297
Frykenberg, Robert E. (2001), "India to 1858", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 194–213, ISBN 0199246807
Gilmartin, David (1994), "Scientific Empire and Imperial Science: Colonialism and Irrigation Technology in the Indus Basin", The Journal of Asian Studies, 53 (4): 1127–1149
Goswami, Manu (1998), "From Swadeshi to Swaraj: Nation, Economy, Territory in Colonial South Asia, 1870 to 1907", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 40 (4): 609–636
Harnetty, Peter (1991), "'Deindustrialization' Revisited: The Handloom Weavers of the Central Provinces of India, c. 1800-1947", Modern Asian Studies, 25 (3): 455–510
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Klein, Ira (1988), "Plague, Policy and Popular Unrest in British India", Modern Asian Studies, 22 (4): 723–755
Klein, Ira (2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India", Modern Asian Studies, 34 (3): 545–580
Kubicek, Robert (2001), "British Expansion, Empire, and Technological Change", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 247–269, ISBN 0199246785
Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858-1914", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 422–446, ISBN 0199246785
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Talbot, Ian (2001), "Pakistan's Emergence", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 253–263, ISBN 0199246807
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Tomlinson, B. R. (2001), "Economics and Empire: The Periphery and the Imperial Economy", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 53–74, ISBN 0199246785
Washbrook, D. A. (2001), "India, 1818-1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 395–421, ISBN 0199246785
Watts, Sheldon (1999), "British Development Policies and Malaria in India 1897-c. 1929", Past and Present (165): 141–181
Wylie, Diana (2001), "Disease, Diet, and Gender: Late Twentieth Century Perspectives on Empire", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 277–289, ISBN 0199246807

Sejarah klasik dan gazetir

Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II (1908), The Indian Empire, Historical, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573.
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520.
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1907), The Indian Empire, Administrative, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
Lovett, Sir Verney (1920), A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement, New York, Frederick A. Stokes Company, ISBN 81-7536-249-9
Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), An Advanced History of India, London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps. Text "authorlink1" ignored (bantuan).
Smith, Vincent A. (1921), India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469-784) Text "authorlink1" ignored (bantuan).

Sumber ketiga

Oldenburg, Philip (2007), ""India: Movement for Freedom"", Encarta Encyclopedia External link in |chapter= (bantuan). Archived 2009-10-31.
Wolpert, Stanley (2007), "India: British Imperial Power 1858-1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885-1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920-1947)", Encyclopædia Britannica External link in |chapter= (bantuan).

Bacaan berkaitan

Bairoch, Paul, Economics and World History, University of Chicago Press, 1995
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Bowle, John, The Imperial Achievement, Secker & Warburg, London, 1974, ISBN 978-0316104098
Chapman, Pat Taste of the Raj, Hodder & Stoughton, London—ISBN 0340680350 (1997)
Coates, Tim, (series editor), The Amritsar Massacre 1919 - General Dyer in the Punjab (Official Reports, including Dyer's Testimonies), Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO) 1925, abridged edition, 2000, ISBN 0-11-702412-0
Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World 2001, ISBN 1-85984-739-0
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Forbes, Rosita, India of the Princes', London, 1939
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James, Lawrence, Raj - The Making and Unmaking of British India, London, 1997, ISBN 0-316-64072-7
Keay, John, The Honourable Company - A History of the English East India Company, HarperCollins, London, 1991, ISBN 0-00-217515-0
Moorhouse, Geoffrey, India Britannica, Book Club Associates, UK, 1983
Morris, Jan with Simon Winchester, Stones of Empire - The Buildings of the Raj, Oxford University Press, 1st edition 1983 (paperback edition 1986, ISBN 0-19-282036-2
Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982
Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858-1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968
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Woodroffe, Sir John, Is India Civilized - Essays on Indian Culture, Madras, 1919.

Pautan luar

Templat:Territories of the British Empire

[1] Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. rāj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg king (see RICH).

[2] Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. "b. spec. the British dominion or rule in the Indian sub-continent (before 1947). In full, British raj.

[3] *Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug. 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj. For the latter usage, see: Google Scholar references: ("British Raj" in the primary sense of "British India," i.e. "regions of India under British rule") 1. "The important case of Islamic economics was a consciously constructed effort arising directly out of the anti-colonial struggle in the British Raj" 2 "... time" (1882: v). In keeping with the purpose of the Gazetteer (and indeed all such Gazetteers published for provinces in the British Raj), Atkinson's treatment ..." 3. "... Robert D’Arblay Gybbon-Monypenny, who had been born in the British Raj and educated at Sandhurst, afterwards seeing active service in the First World War ..." 4. "... In contrast, during the independence struggle in the British raj, the emphasis had always been on nationalism..." ("British Raj" in the second sense of "British India," i.e. "the British in India") 5. "Koch and the Europeans were entertained at clubs in the British Raj from which native Indians (called "wogs" for "worthy oriental gentleman") were excluded. ..." 6. "... prejudice and vindictiveness towards one's own race and, especially, toward someone of a different race who, as a servant in the British Raj, occupies a ..."

[4] First the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland then, after 1927, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]